[Incredible, but true. initial research indicates the easiest part of the solution is SEALING THE BORDERS. OBJECTION: We object to the hubris of Mexican Government (and its Oligarchy of wealthy families) economically oppressing their people, then dumping the problem on our doorstep.]
A TIME FOR TRUTHTELLING
=
PLACING BLAME FOR THE U.S. CRISIS
AT ITS SOURCE
THE MEXICAN ARISTOCRACY
Mexico Is Rich Mexican wealthy play American taxpayers for suckers [An article worth reading by all!]
CONTROVERSIAL IMMIGRATION ISSUE:
BOTTOM LINE:
The Mexican People are exploited WITHIN MEXICO then secondly within the U.S.
Will no one speak for The Mexican People
and,
The Approximated 50%-75%
Impoverished People of
Latin America?
THIS TIME
NOT BY THE BULLET OR VIOLENCE;
BUT BY BRAINS,
THE BRAVERY OF NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
OF MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
GHANDI
AND THE FIRST REFORMER
OUR LORD JESUS THE CHRIST
AN EQUITABLE
COMPREHENSIVE RESOLUTION OF
THE U.S. BORDER-IMMIGRATION CRISIS
[Incredible, but true. initial research indicates the easiest part of the solution is SEALING THE BORDERS. OBJECTION: We object to the hubris of Mexican Government (and its Oligarchy of wealthy families) economically oppressing their people, then dumping the problem on our doorstep.]
CONTROVERSIAL IMMIGRATION ISSUE:
Today, MARCH 23, 2006 we commence work on our IMMIGRATION PAGE. A Project of on-goibg research for some time. Our Objective: is to fashion a BROAD EVOLUTIONARY COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION acceptable to ALL sides. This Project will take extensive time. Please, do not "JUMP TO ANY CONCLUSIONS" until we are finished - DRAWING OUR CONCLUSIONS! Then, reasoned debate can begin. During this complex process, we request our visitors to condemn - CHEAP SHOTS; such as, demagogues "PLAYING THE RACE-BIGOTRY CARD." Objectivity, research and accurate compilation of empirical facts, the search for the TRUTH, [As The Father grants us the wisdom to understand THE TRUTH! For only He has a monopoly on the ABSOLUTE TRUTH!] - all of these mandate freedom of thought and expression; without inflamation of emotionalized passions. Please, no hatred-mongering emails etc. Together! We, the citizens of the Western Hemishere, can find a JUST RESOLUTION.. TOGETHER!!! [P.S. Best Wishes, to Rev. JBS for a speedy recovery from his heart-attack]
Father. We Pray in The Name of Your Son, Jesus The Christ, for Your granting of Wisdom, Insight and Guidance to our President [and all other leaders of Western Hemisphere Nations], so they will select the most Just and Equitable form of economic intergration to create peace, prosperity benefit all the souls resident in these nations of The Americas.
And,
our methodology for
permanently
securing
The Borders
Please,
await
"SOLOMON'S COMPROMISE"
For Our 12 million
Brothers and Sisters
Who are
illegal immigrants.
And,
our methodology for
permanently
securing
The Borders
CONTROVERSIAL IMMIGRATION ISSUE:
Today, MARCH 23, 2006 we commence work on our IMMIGRATION PAGE. A Project of on-goibg research for some time. Our Objective: is to fashion a BROAD EVOLUTIONARY COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION acceptable to ALL sides. This Project will take extensive time. Please, do not "JUMP TO ANY CONCLUSIONS" until we are finished - DRAWING OUR CONCLUSIONS! Then, reasoned debate can begin. During this complex process, we request our visitors to condemn - CHEAP SHOTS; such as, demagogues "PLAYING THE RACE-BIGOTRY CARD." Objectivity, research and accurate compilation of empirical facts, the search for the TRUTH, [As The Father grants us the wisdom to understand THE TRUTH! For only He has a monopoly on the ABSOLUTE TRUTH!] - all of these mandate freedom of thought and expression; without inflamation of emotionalized passions. Please, no hatred-mongering emails etc. Together! We, the citizens of the Western Hemishere, can find a JUST RESOLUTION.. TOGETHER!!! [P.S. Best Wishes, to Rev. JBS for a speedy recovery from his heart-attack]
Father. We Pray in The Name of Your Son, Jesus The Christ, for Your granting of Wisdon, Insight and Guidance to our President [and all other leaders of Western Hemisphere Nations], so they will select the most Just and Equitable form of economic intergration to create peace, prosperity benefit all the souls resident in these nations of The Americas.
Mexican saying, "The Eagle represents THE MEXICAN RICH; The Dying Serpent represents The Poor."
Mexican Population Below THE POVERTY LEVEL.
1 Aguascalientes
2 Baja California Norte
3 Baja California Sur
4 Campeche
5 Coahuila
6 Colima
7 Chiapas
8 Chihuahua
9 Distrito Federal
10 Durango
11 Guanajuato
12 Guerrero
13 Hidalgo
14 Jalisco
15 Estado De México
16 Michoacán
A Site Participant leaving Latin America was grasped by an old Maya woman screaming, "Promise, Senor! On your honor as a man, you will tell the world of our suffering." He kept his word.
"Arrogant people think they are so shrewd, they out-fox themselves." The Philosopher
IS THERE
A VORACIOUS
FOX AND HIS FRIENDS
GUARDING THE "CHICKEN HOUSES OF MEXICO"
WHO IS PROTECTING THE LITTLE PEEPS?
Child sweatshop labor abhorent
The Kathy Lee Gifford Controversy?
WHY IS AMERICA HATED IN THE WORLD?
[NOTE: Remember Kathy Lee Gifford? Regarding Latin American obscene child slave-waged working conditions, Kathy bore little or no moral culpability. She was as much a victim as those victimized.] Nevertheless, the Gifford controversy exemplifies CAFTA’S further exploitation of child slave-waged labor. Incredibly, this is exactly what is transpiring in North, Central and South America. A major reason this Site vociferously opposes CAFTA; and, its subsequent evil twin FTAA. They epitomizes the depraved level such FAST-TRACK TRADE will reduce us. Kathy was unfairly accused and defamed. However, We, as a Nation, are well-cognizant of these misguided policies. The blunt truth is: We will be immorally complicit by allowing such malevolent trade agreements passage. CAFTA and FTAA transforms America into an active participant in the economic exploitation of the oppressed. Our silence as these are adopted, is equivalent to the wanton defilement of the under-classes of many nations. Creating an unspeakable national guilt. Rightfully, future generations will blame us. Chastising and indelibly marking us with infamy. Forever condemned as the worst of Hypocrites. Permitting our government to do to foreign children what we despised being done to our own? Why? Because, We, as citizens, are morally responsible for what our government does in our name. Where are the voices of the fundamentalists religionists? Where are their morally family values? We are intently listening, but hear only condemnatory silence. If CAFTA FTAA [and continued FAST TRACK TRADE] becomes the Law of our Land, then We can no longer innocently ask, WHY IS AMERICA HATED IN THE WORLD?
TEDDY ROOSEVELT:
A Honorable Conservative Busting The Pennsylvania Anthracite-Coalminers Strike The Breaker Boys = Child Labor Laws
Our ethos, morals and ideals oppose enriching ourselves by abusing child slave-waged labor. In the early 1900s, this was abundantly clarified. Teddy Roosevelt busted the Pennsylvania anthracite-coalminers strike. Although a politician, Teddy also was a man of character, honor and integrity. After secretive arrangements, he watched as sadistic mine-overseers hovered over 9-14 year olds with whips. Eagerly waiting to bludgeon them; quickening the work pace. These were enslaved Breaker Boys. After viewing their bloodied, broken, deformed hands, it is said, he wept. Hence, our Child Labor Law
[Block format used for space-saving]
A TIME FOR TRUTHTELLING
=
PLACING BLAME FOR THE U.S. CRISIS
AT ITS SOURCE
THE MEXICAN ARISTOCRACY
Mexico Is Rich Mexican wealthy play American taxpayers for suckers [An article worth reading by all!]
Certainly there are many poor people in Mexico, since perhaps half the country lives in poverty. However, the nation as a whole is quite rich — see the documented facts listed below — and could well finance the sort of improvements in education and infrastructure that would better the living standards of all Mexicans. But the Mexican ultra-rich, like telecommunications magnate Carlos Slim shown here, don't like to tax themselves for investment the country badly needs for infrastructure and education, and it helps them greatly that the American taxpayer has been forced to support Mexicans living in the United States. Interestingly, the Forbes list of billionaires published in 2006 showed Carlos Slim moving up to the number three spot among the world's richest men. Every dollar spent in U.S. taxes for social services for illegal aliens frees up additional cash to be sent south as part of the annual remittances which provided $20 billion in 2005. According to the CNN news show Lou Dobbs Tonight (3/21/05), "Remittances, as they're called, are expected to become Mexico's primary source of income this year, surpassing the amount of money that Mexico makes on oil exports for the first time ever." So when el Presidente Vicente Fox complains that the "dignity" of Mexicans living illegally in America requires that they receive free healthcare on the U.S. taxpayer's dime, he is really talking about increased remittances to keep their whole corrupt system afloat.
This is how the Mexican Aristocrats treat their People. What do Mexican religious leaders preach about this?
Do they have no shame?
He would not stand for it. That is why they murdered him. Where are the NON-VIOLENT Emiliano Zappata's in today's Mexico?
CONTROVERSIAL IMMIGRATION ISSUE:
BOTTOM LINE:
The Mexican People are exploited WITHIN MEXICO then secondly within the U.S.
Will no one speak for The Mexican People
and,
The Approximated 50%-75%
Impoverished People of
Latin America?
THIS TIME
NOT BY THE BULLET OR VIOLENCE;
BUT BY BRAINS,
THE BRAVERY OF NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
OF MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
GHANDI
AND THE FIRST REFORMER
OUR LORD JESUS THE CHRIST
[Block format used for space-saving.]
Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S. Estimates Based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey 3.7.2006 by Jeffrey S. Passel, Senior Research Associate, Pew Hispanic Center
Analysis of the March 2005 Current Population Survey shows that there were 11.1 million unauthorized migrants in the United States a year ago. ... [O]ther data sources that offer indications of the pace of growth in the foreign-born population, the Center developed an estimate of 11.5 to 12 million for the unauthorized population as of March 2006. In the March 2005 estimate two-thirds (66%) of the unauthorized population had been in the country for ten years or less, and the largest share, 40% of the total or 4.4 million people had been in the country five years or less. There were 5.4 million adult males in the unauthorized population in 2005, accounting for 49% of the total. There were 3.9 million adult females accounting for 35% of the population. There were 1.8 million children who were unauthorized, 16% of the total. In addition, there were 3.1 million children who are U.S. citizens by birth living in families in which the head of the family or a spouse was unauthorized. About 7.2 million unauthorized migrants were employed in March 2005, accounting for about 4.9% of the civilian labor force. They made up a large share of all workers in a few more detailed occupational categories, including 24% of all workers employed in farming occupations, 17% in cleaning, 14% in construction and 12% in food preparation.
Rise, Peak and Decline: Trends in U.S. Immigration 1992 – 2004 by Jeffrey S. Passel and Roberto Suro 9.27.2005
Age structure: 0-14 years: 36% (male 7,883,007; female 17,193,082) 15-64 years: 60% male ,932,074; female 30,511,443) 65 years and over: 4% (male 1,808,581; female 2,224,589) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 1.77% (1998 est.) Net migration rate: -2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 25.82 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.) Ethnic groups: mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1% Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%
Area—comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas Land boundaries: total: 4,538 km border countries: Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge Charles BRAYSHAW embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, Distrito Federal mailing address: P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087 telephone: [52] (5) 211-0042 FAX: [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373
Economy—overview:
Mexico has a free market economy with a mixture of modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. Income distribution is very unequal with the top 20% of income earners accounting for 55% of income. The inefficient agricultural sector employs 20% to 25% of the labor force but produces only 8% of GDP. Trade with the United States and Canada has nearly doubled since NAFTA was implemented in 1994. Mexico is pursuing additional trade agreements with most countries in Latin America and with the European Union to lessen its dependence on the United States, which accounts for 80% of Mexico's total trade. GDP: purchasing power parity—$694.3 billion (1997 est.) GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$7,700 (1997 est.) Inflation rate—consumer price index: 15.7% (1997 est.) Labor force: total: 36.6 million (1996) by occupation: services 28.8%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 21.8%, commerce 17.1%, manufacturing 16.1%, construction 5.2%, public administration and national defense 4.4%, transportation and communications 4.1% Exports: total value: $110.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997 est.), includes in-bond industries commodities: crude oil, oil products, coffee, silver, engines, motor vehicles, cotton, consumer electronics partners: US 85%, Canada 2.1%, Japan 1%, Spain 1%, Chile 1%, Brazil 1% (1997 est.) Imports: total value: $109.8 billion (f.o.b., 1997 est.), includes in-bond industries commodities: metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts partners: US 74.8%, Japan 4.1%, Germany 3.5%, Canada 1.8%, South Korea 1.4%, Italy 1.2%, France 1.1% (1997 est.) Debt—external: $162 billion (1997 est.) Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $85 million (1993)
NOTE: We have selected these excerpts from Dr. Alan A. Lew's Ph.D., AICP
work "GEOGRAPHY USA: A Virtual Textbook" which we enthusiiastically recommend. Why? He has raised the science of geography, cartography and general scholarship to AN ART FORM. GEOGRAPHY USA: A Virtual Textbook by Alan A. Lew Ph.D., AICPDepartment of Geography, Planning and RecreationNorthern Arizona Unversity email: Alan.Lew@nau.edu GEOGRAPHY: USA copyright Alan A. Lew, 2004, all rights reserved
email: Alan.Lew@nau.edu copyright Alan A. Lew, 2004, all rights reserved
Hispanic Populations in the Southwest Today
The Hispanic population in the Southwest has increased dramatically since the 1960s. Hispanics were the fastest growing population in the US in the 1980s, with a growth rate of over 35%, or five times faster than any other group. In 1990, they comprised 40% of the population of New Mexico, 26% of Texas, 26% of California, and 20% of Arizona. In Los Angeles, there are more Guatemalans and El Salvadorans than in any other city in the world, except Guatemala City and San Salvador. At current growth levels, Hispanics will become the predominant ethnic group in California, Texas, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and New York in the twenty-first century and are projected to comprise 24.5% of the US population by the year 2050.
Hispanic Distribution - 1990
~
Illegal Immigration
Not all of the Hispanics that come to the US are legally counted in the population figures of the US Bureau of the Census. Between 1980 and 1984, over a million illegal immigrants a year were captured by the US government. Two to four times that number are estimated to have not been caught. About one-half of the illegal immigrants apprehended are Mexican nationals. The rest come from more than 70 other nations from every corner of the globe. The number of apprehensions declined by over one-third after the US government initiated an amnesty program and tough employment laws in 1988.
The Tortilla Curtain
The 1,900-mile-long border between the US and Mexico is the most heavily crossed border in the world, with over 1 million legal crossings a day. It is also one of only two places in the world where a developed Western democracy comes into direct contact with a less developed, traditional country. (The other place is at the European border of Turkey. The differences between Turkey and Greece, however, are less dramatic than those between the US and Mexico.) Because of the stark difference in economics and culture that exists on each side of the US-Mexican border, it has been referred to as the "Tortilla Curtain."
Mexicans in the US
Mexicans come to the US on a daily basis for a variety of reasons, including schooling, shopping, and work. Through an agreement with the US, some Mexican children attend nearby schools in the US. American stores are often perceived by Mexicans to have higher-quality goods than those in Mexico. This is particularly true for electronics products, which are also more expensive in Mexico, due to higher import duties. Some of the small shops on the US side of the border have the highest sales per floor area in the entire US. These same shops are easily affected by problems in the Mexican economy, which can affect their sales.
In the late 1800s, after Mexico lost its northern territory, many Mexicans came across the border to work on the transcontinental railroads that were being built to tie the expanding US together. For most of the twentieth century, Mexicans have come across the border both legally and illegally to work as farm laborers. The below minimum wage scales that these workers received has helped keep US agricultural products (especially fruits and vegetables) relatively inexpensive.
PRIOR SITE ANALYSES
RE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION:
By The Economist and Others
as related to:
THE
GREAT
DECLINE OF AMERICA
PLATO’S IMPORTANT QUESTION
Plato questioned his students. In effect, who is greater, The Few who are The Strong; or, The Many who are The Weak? The historic conclusion: The Many were The Greater and The Stronger. In reality, all considered, over the long term, The Many are the victors. The Few cannot infinitely oppress The Weak – The Many. It becomes a question to numbers [QUANTITATIVE] and stamina. Eventually, the Many will wear down the Few. Or, otherwise, rise in revolution. Over the long run, the indisputable truth is: economic, political ethical strength rests in the hands of the MANY. This historic analysis has proven a truism.
Eventually, resulting in The Enlightenment; the first conceptualization of modern republican-democracy. JFK was correct. All boats in the harbor must rise; not just a few. [SEE: The collapse of: The Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, The British Empire, The Soviet Union, etc. as history obsessively repeats itself.]
MEXICO'S OPPRESSIVE OLIGARCHY
[Dedicated to the memory of Emiliano Zapata]
A DISTURBING EXAMPLE OF REGIONAL DESTABILIZATION
NAFTA = APPALLING
EXAMPLE of ONE-WAY-STREET
UN-FREE TRADE WITH MEXICO
Afta' NAFTA Disasta' Debacle
[NOTE: this essay contains intentionally inserted repetition to acquaint those unfamiliar with economics and its practical - sometimes brutal -consequences. ]NAFTA Major Harm, Minor GoodTO BE FAIR:Some NAFTA proponents are blameless; misled by fallacious arguments by more-fervent dominant proponents. The latter argued NAFTA would retain a vast amount of capital [US capital investment] on the North-American continent. This would offset MAD-RUSH GLOBALIZATION to the third world. This faulty analysis is presently verifiederroneous - tragically incorrect. NAFTA caused major harm and insignificant good. It played into the hands of the Mexican oligarchy. An unmeritorious inheritance aristocracy class. [Sorry, Fausto] Thus, we exported vital industry and manufacturing; while the Mexican aristocracy greedily sucked-up US wealth. A disastrous blunder. Unearned benefits were reaped [raped] at expense of the Mexican People. No attempt was undertaken to improve their standard of living. More infuriating... As in the past, the arrogant oligarchy, as an exchange of trade, exported their oppressed population [smoldering impoverished masses]. Illegal immigrants flooded over our borders. Thus, as previously stated, the Middle-Class financed taxes to: export living-wage jobs by outsourcing; while importing illegal immigrants to driving down their wages. NAFTA, simultaneously, devastated the American and Mexico people!!! In all honesty, pseudo-free trade agreements represent no more than massive LEGALIZED THEFT. Contributing to incremental trade deficits; which the US maintains with all the world's nations. Herein resides the rub. Further wealth transfers are extracted from our middle-class and working-poor. Unfortunately, these taxpayer is twice burnt. Billed a second time. Required, by law, to bear illegal- immigration's financial burden. In the past, this was not a serious problem. However, today, with the Middle-Class's economic downgrading, ["downsizing?"] a brutal economic fact has emerged. The middle-class and working-poor are Tax Bankrupt - broke! The necessary wealth and taxes cannot be generated to absorb unrestrained illegal immigration. It is time for Santa to take a holiday!!! [It is too depressing. We will not consider the $50 Billion US-to-Mexico loan-bailout to salvage US banks from collapse.]The western hemisphere must recognize pseudo-free trade is recipe for disaster. Such proposals are intellectually-fallacious inherently defective destined to end as NAFTA. The Secretly negotiated sham CAFTA is doomed to spectacular failure. Its stated goal cannot be achieved by ill-advised piecemeal trade diplomacy. It is misguided and unwise to negotiate with oligarchies which thrive by opposing their populations' economic survival. All that is gained is - ''INSTABILITY!" Not to mention the ethical and moral questions. The foolish pseudo-free trade doctrine and paradigm must be abandoned. A feasible, transparent comprehensive equitable solution must be found. Ross Perot was correct. A great sucking-sound of an economic disaster was heard post NAFTA passage. The only NAFTA success exception is Canada. Why is Canada an important example? Canadians' living-standard is equivalent to the USA. It represents an important element of this Site's suggested GRADUAL-GLOBALISM proposal. Namely, The European Accords actualization as a necessary prerequisite to entry into The Common Market of the Americas.
WHAT IS IRREDENTISM?
[A NECESSARY $4.00 WORD]
DANGERS OF IRREDENTISM:
ONE CONSEQUENCE OF IRRATIONAL GLOBALIZATION
PANDERING RADICAL IRREDENTISTS
Radical irredentists may advocate redemption of the historically lost territories once owned by their nation of origin. Now well within the sovereignty of a foreign power. But are immigrants demanding lands be returned to Mexico? No. However, radical irredentists may subtly advocate "Conquest by Immigration." Demographics do matter. Increased population equates to amplified political power. Hispanics are largest US minority; having surpassed African-Americans. Such further nourishes paranoia.AN ILLUSTRATION: ARMED MINUTEMEN AT BORDERUnquestionably, ANGRY WHITE MALES = AWMs have a justifiable case. They have suffered the most from rampant globalization - emasculation. Illegal immigration caused of unwise globalization aggravates AWMs anger and resentment. However, resolution of Angry White Males' predicament has become almost impossible. Why? Because a majority refuse to acknowledge its true causation. No disease is cured without knowing its cause. No comprehensive plan, new business paradigm in unison with the government, to solve AWM problem remains possible. Because they would probably oppose it against their financial interest. Why? Hate-mongering, right-wing radio demagogues have radicalized the AWMs. Psychologically manipulating AWMs a fallacious BLAME-GAME MENTALITY. The reinforced message is: "Let's blame the little impoverished oppressed Mexican guy forced to immigrate; not our corporate sponsors of this radio program." Hate and blame are easily marketed commodities. Avoidance of the hard new way - laborious research and thinking to find a solution is ignored. The venom-spewers well-know human nature loves blaming another for failure. This explains why, in the 2004 elections, most Americans voted against their best economic interest. This Site's position regarding the Minutemen guarding our border is, without question, they have a moral and legally justifiable position. Exercising their constitutional right to redress of Grievances; and to peaceably assemble and protest. However, by unwisely arming themselves they do a self-defeating disservice to the cause. An inherent intimidation is created by bearing weapons under theses circumstances. This is self-defeating. Like shooting oneself in the foot before a marathon. credibility and public support could be lost by one idiotic incident. Brains, not bullets, will solved this problem; or, it will remain unresolved.
HISTORICALLY
WORLD'S TWO MAJOR PROBLEMS
OLIGARCHY
AND
IRREDENTISM
DICTATORSHIP
IS NOT THE PROBLEM
OLIGARCHY IS
OLIGARCHIC ELITISM OF BIRTH
OLIGARCHY OPPOSES
DEMOCRACY AND MERITOCRACY
BY RESTRICTING
FREE ENTERPRISE CAPITALISM
WHAT IS OLIGARCHY?
A professor entered his first day History class. Silently he drew a pyramidal triangle of a two-tiered society declaring, "There is all of History. The top 10% are the king or dictator and the ruling class - aristocracy - the oligarchy. The remaining 90% is you and me - the slaves - THE HAVE-NOTS. This represents all of history until the English Civil War; and, especially, the American Revolution. Then he exited the class leaving the students dumbfounded.
The next day he entered the classroom and drew a three-tiered pyramidal triangle on the chalkboard exclaiming, "This represents all of history from the American Revolution to modern times." Again, he exited leaving the students flabbergasted.
On the third day he entered and rapidly began lecturing, "Now here are the details. From ancient times two-tier oligarchy society existed. Usually, the oligarchy consists of: the priests, the military, the police, aristocratic wealthy families. The ruling class. This establishment's primary conservative purpose is retention of the status quo at all costs.
Dictatorship is not the real world challenge. Yes. There is an allegedly all-powerful king, pharaoh or dictator. But without the oligarchy's support, he is a dead man. Every strongman needs the support of the ruling elitist class - the aristocrats - the oligarchy.
History's recurring dilemma, is this: the rule and the oppression of the MANY by the FEW.
Not government; but rule of the MANY by the FEW
Oligarchy creates a two-tiered societal system without any opportunity for the MANY. Oligarchy is elitism. Usually, the oligarchs separate themselves from the HAVE-NOTS into exclusive organizations. Unaware and uninterested in the daily sufferings of the people. Oligarchs do not labor. Rather they perpetuates their economic self-interest as a matter of privilege. Wealth is based upon birth alone; not upon a persons character, hard work or meritorious achievement. The elitist class preys upon the weak; feeding off of the labors of the many. Who are paid at bare subsistence slave-wages. The FEW promoted their wealth by exploiting the poor. It is oppression. The control of "the mob." the have-nots. That's us - you and me. Sometimes referred to as The Great Unwashed.
As Alexander Hamilton called the People - THE BEAST. The oppressed are enslaved in a fixed system with no hope of advancement or fair share of the the national wealth
This Elitism is the enemy of democracy and republicanism. Privileged is retained by the ruthless rule of the MANY. Thus, Oligarchy endangers a society's peace. Eventually, conflict erupts. Usually, followed by murderous persecution. Order is maintained by the police; or, if needed the military.
GENIUS OF OUR FOUNDING FATHERS
CREATION OF
REPUBLICAN-DEMOCRACY
CREATING THE HAVE-SOMES =
THE AMERICAN MIDDLE-CLASS
Our Founding Fathers' genius expressed itself in creation of a republican-democracy. This incorporated, restricted and restrained History's dangerous oligarchy. Republican-Democracy is a form of oligarchy; continuing many of its characteristics. Even so, The MANY elect The FEW. Whose political powers are temporary and dependant upon the MANY'S will and whim. We do not elect politicians to RULE us. Rather the FEW are our servants - public servants! These representative oligarchs must advocate the best interests of the governed. Required to rank the people's interest supreme over all others. Especially, above the FEW powerful, vested, moneyed - special - interests. Retention in office rests firmly within the consent of the governed. Political control is secured in their hands. Thus, The MANY hold the ultimate tromp card. Withdrawing their consent in the next election; thereby removing the FEW. [The Professor illustrated this by a three-tiered upside-down pyramid.] This is America's political construction. It is patently obvious, political and economic power originates from the bottom - dominating the top. So, the people govern themselves through chosen representatives. This is why America is the world's greatest hope. A nation created not upon the rights of familial privilege, wealth, or pseudo divine right. To the contrary, upon a birthright of unalienable rights bestowed by the Creator.
Our Republican-Democracy owes an enormous debt to the Enlightenment. During the Constitutional Convention, prominent Founders [who were Deists and Freemasons] espoused its principles. However, The Founders were unambiguous. America is not guaranteed perpetual existence. Rather, it is - A Great Risk - The Great Experiment. Containing the intrinsic capability to cause its disintegration. Thereby, negligently reverting to oligarchy.
How? Why?
Because democracy is exasperating deliberation - slow and inefficient. Government is institutionalized upon two RULES. The Rule of Law - which is created by the free operation of the Rule of Reason. Law is born of discordant, but reasoned debate. It promotes power-restriction by intentionally incorporating gridlock - checks and balances. Which means a state of confrontation and stalemate is typically created. Aggravating quarrelsome debate continues [ad nauseam] until reasonable compromise is achieved. Politicians are not intended to be accommodating. They are supposed to disagree, to protect our interest, without being disagreeable.
Why? Because ... Law, not the cult of personality or privilege, governs our Land. The law, in effect, determines WHO GETS, AND HOW MUCH. WHO PAYS AND WHO AVOIDS TAXES. We do not go to war. We tediously argue our differences - then vote. So, he who controls the lawmaking process, controls the nation. The Public [turned-off by the dreariness] does not understand this. It is contrary to human nature. Unrealistically, Humans impatiently demand instant results. The immediate outcome the dictator or king offers. Yes. The strongman presents you prompt results, then steals your freedom. In exchange, you receive a life of servitude to him and his eagerly supportive oligarchy.
Most importantly, our Founders formulated 'HOPE' for mankind - posterity. What we identify as The Middle-Class - The Have-Somes. Take HOPE away, and republican-democracy collapses. Democracy requires each generation's rededication to preserve it. Why? Because the oligarchy-monster lingers waiting to substitute itself to fill any vacuum. That caused by citizens' inaction or apathy - their failure to be civically responsible. It takes 'ETERNAL VIGILANCE' to conserve Liberty's gift. A perpetual alertness to oppose the relentless insistence of the powerful FEW to assume absolute control. To rule, not govern, the MANY. This is why Ben Franklin responded, 'A Republic; if you can keep it?' In WW II, the Nazis and Communists proved Democracy is a fragile flower effortlessly crushed under the jackboot.
Do not confuse Oligarchy with THE ESTABLISHMENT. All are given a fair chance to achieve the America Dream. Meaning to become a member of the The Middle-Class. The industrious - crème del a crème - who attain establishment-class status [by meritorious achievement] deserve their earnedrewards.
Thus, conceptually, America offers everyone the opportunity to labor and profit in accordance with their personal industry. A citizen's prosperity is founded upon character, merit and hard work. You reap what you sow for yourself and family. No longer are the MANY to be exploited by enslavement to the benefited FEW. Ergo, America's 200 years of wealth and prosperity. You are free! From poverty, to achieve The Middle-Class. From The Middle-Class, a chance of advancement into the wealth class. For all who were willing to work for it. This country is the wonderful gift you have inherited. But, do you appreciate it?
Tell me?
Today.
Are things the way I just described them? What is the potency of our Republican-Democracy? What about History's ever-PRESSING ELITISTS, ARISTOCRATS?
AMERICA. Where are we? Presently
Almost all empirical research data [similar objective scholarship] evidences and confirms where "the unambiguous truth" resides. There exists a moral dilemma - a disheartening reality.
SOME VERIFIED RESEARCH FOLLOWS:
CONDENSED EXCERPTS from The Center for Immigration Studies and the Pew Centers. The CIS Center, in our opinion, is a conservative leaning think-tank. Nevertheless, its intellectual integrity, objective research methodology, and impeccable excellence in scholarship and thus credibility is beyond reproach. This is due in large part to: in particular By Mark Krikorian executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies. and Steven A. Camarota Director of Research. Two gentlemen who have done their homework deserving of the title of "EXPERTS" IN in the field of Immigration Studies. OUR RESEARCH NUMBERS very closely approximate theirs within a 3-4% range statistical range. End Note: appear at end of this page.
[Note: Our Site inserts our terminology, for example, ALIENS OR ILLEGALS = ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS. We substitute the term [US Citizen] = AMERICANS = for the authors' term "native." Sometimes the phrase "in the labor force" is replaced with "working." So to "with only a high school diploma" equates to "high school graduates." There are others. We utilize the ellipses to condense abridge the material for average readers understand. Getting to the heart of matter best possible. We apologize for not correcting capitalizations and other minor grammatical errors. But, as a complete volunteer service, we do not possess time-availability to correct all errors.]
[BLOCK FORMAT EXTENSIVELY USED WITH ELLIPSES FOR SPACE-SAVING]
The Following:
From The Center for Immigration Studies
Mexico
Mexico the worst cause of America's immigration problems. Continual Mexican migration northward, both legally and illegally, may pose the biggest threat to U.S. security and sovereignty.23 Large-scale Mexican immigration began ... in the 1960s ... "accelerated in the 1970s as the number ... tripled between 1970 and 1980. The number doubled again by 1990 and again by 2000. In 200 ... 4, the [Census Bureau's] March CPS shows 10.6 million people born in Mexico [and residing in America]. ... a 13-fold increase over the 1970 census."25 Mexicans represent nearly a third of the foreign-born population; ... three times the proportion of ... (China, Philippines, India) combined.26 Mexican illegal migration explains much of ... illegal immigration overall. " ... For Mexico, 80-85 [percent] ... in the U.S. are unauthorized."27 Half of Mexicans living in America are illegal aliens.28 The 1986 mass amnesty exacerbated the Mexican illegal immigration problem. Of the 3 million legalized foreign lawbreakers, the INS said 75 percent were Mexican. As previously mentioned, they became eligible to sponsor family members to join them here (or at least to legalize their status), naturalize, and sponsor even more relatives, this time distant relatives. Proximity has made it easy for "mixed status" households to proliferate.29 And amnesty, especially of Mexicans, only sparked more illegal immigration. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) had the most sweeping impact on immigration policy ... , immigrant admissions would soar to new heights ... residents brought in their family ... s. This created ... problems, ... ... the implementation of employer sanctions would be no quick fix. ... emigrants from Central America continued through the late 1980s, ... ... ... estimates using census data say there were 3 million illegal aliens present in 1980, rising to 4 million in 1986. ... It doubled again by 2000 and now may exceed 10 million.31 ... ... mass immigration, both legal and illegal, predominately stems from Mexico ... amnesty only fed the desire ... for Mexicans to migrate northward (legally and illegally), ... ... ... Mexicans account for more than two of five illegal border crossers. ... ... "[A] clear majority (57%) of Mexican immigrants have prior experience as illegal border crossers ... ."32 is, two-thirds ... were once illegal aliens. in short, ... the Mexican government's de facto policy of driving its poorest residents northward, and vast numbers of Mexican immigrants already here to harbor illegal aliens and steer them to jobs all provide ... lawbreaking on a grand, systematic scale. The United States enjoys the world's highest standard of living. "Poverty" by U.S. standards is a far better lot than real poverty ... often have living quarters and First World "creature comforts" those in other nations' middle classes ... . ... ... moving to America has a lot of appeal. The average Mexican earns a twelfth of an American's wages. There are 4.6 billion people around the world who make less than the average Mexican. ... ... Another characteristic of immigration ... is so-called "mixed families." ... U.S. citizens or legal residents and others are illegal aliens. ... "birthright citizenship" ... A misinterpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment ... grants automatic U.S. citizenship on ... everyone born on American soil, including the children of illegal aliens. ... "birthright citizenship" provides illegal aliens an "anchor baby" who provides relative assurance of permanent residence, ... ... one-tenth, or 380,000, of U.S. births in 2002 were to illegal aliens, ... One estimate ... "mixed" households in 2004 at 13.9 million, or 6.3 million households. Within these "mixed" families, there are 3.1 million "anchor babies." ...
The Impact of Immigration on the American Workforce
Testimony prepared for the House Committee on Education and the Workforce November 16, 2005 Steven A. Camarota Director of Research, Center for Immigration Studies
PLEASE NOTE, WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF ALIGNING ALL CHARTS AND GRAPHS TO MATCH ARTICLE TEXT. PLEASE, BE PATIENT
The Impact of Immigration on the American Workforce
Testimony prepared for the House Committee on Education and the Workforce November 16, 2005 Steven A. Camarota Director of Research, Center for Immigration Studies
Introduction
... Over three decades ... conditions, especially in the developing world, in conjunction with U.S. immigration policy have caused 23 million people to ... emigrate legally to the United States. Additionally, ... estimates 420,000 new illegals settle permanently in the country each year. The current influx has caused an enormous growth in the immigrant population, from 9.6 million in 1970 (4.8% of the population) to 34 million (12%) today. ... One of the central aspects of the immigration debate is its impact on American workers, especially those employed at the bottom ... . ... thought to be especially vulnerable to immigrant competition because demand for this kind of labor is generally weak and immigrants are heavily concentrated in less-skilled and lower-paying jobs. While these workers have made some gains at the end of the 1990s, most of these gains have disappeared in the current recession and real wages of workers at the bottom of the labor market remain below ... the 1970s
[To assist understanding Dr. Steven A. Camarota Conclusions are inserted herein] Conclusion
... it is important to keep in mind other factors in addition to immigration have had a negative impact on low-wage workers. Technological change and increased trade have also played a significant role ... . However, immigration is unlike technological change or globalization because it is a discretionary policy can be altered to suit our needs ... . After all, Congress cannot legislate a pause in the expansion of human knowledge ... but it can reduce unskilled immigration. ... we can do so secure in the knowledge doing so will not harm to the U.S. economy. In fact, it would probably be good for the country as a whole. It should also be remember any negative effect immigration may have on wages is not due primary to a willingness to work for less on the part of illegal immigrants or perhaps legal immigrants as well. Rather, it is mainly the increase in the supply of labor creates lower wages for those who are in competition with immigrants. ... arguments for or against immigration are as much political and moral as they are economic. If one is concerned about low-wage and less-skilled workers ... then clearly our current policy is unwise. On the other hand, if one places a high priority on helping unskilled workers in other countries, then allowing in a large number of such workers makes sense. ... Those who support the current high level of unskilled immigration should at least do so with an understanding those American workers harmed by the policies they favor are already the poorest and most vulnerable.
Five Reasons Immigration Can Impact Wages
Immigrants Might Work for Less.
... YET] ... research generally indicates a few years after arrival, immigrant wages are very similar to [US Citizens] [ ... . ... in general it seems only newly arrived immigrants undercut [AMERICAN CITIZENS] wages. ... While immigrants as a group and illegals ... do earn less ... , this is generally due to their much lower levels of education. ...
Immigrants Are Seen as Better Employees
... immigrants are seen as better workers by some employers, especially in comparison to ... African Americans. ... especially true of Hispanic and Asian employers, ... . ... A study of the Harlem labor market ... ... provides some systematic evidence ... although immigrants were only 11 percent of the job candidates ... , they represented 26.4 percent of those hired. Moreover, 41 percent of the immigrants ... were able to find employment within one year, in contrast to only 14 percent of native-born blacks. ...
The Threat of Further Immigration.
... further immigration may also exert a significant downward pressure on wages. ... consider the following example: Workers in a meat packing plant has seen a sudden rise in the number of immigrant workers will very quickly become aware their employer now has another pool of labor from which he can draw. Thus, ... our relatively open immigration policy, ... native-born workers [AMERICAN CITIZENS] curtail their demands for higher wages ... the threat of more immigration ... holds down wages ... .
Immigration Increases the Supply of Labor.
.... Based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey, there were almost 21 million adult immigrants holding jobs in the United States.2 However, they are not distributed evenly across occupations. In 2005, 30 percent of immigrants had no high school education, ... . In comparison, only 8 percent of [US Citizens] ... did not have a high school education. Overall, immigrants comprise 15 percent of the total workforce. But they are 40 percent of those without high school diplomas ... The occupational distribution of immigrants also shows ... concentration in jobs require relatively few skills. In 2005, ... they comprised 34 percent of workers doing building clearing and maintenance, and 26 percent of construction laborers. ... As a result,... [US Citizens] ]... face much more job competition, ... generally have a less favorable view of immigration. ... , more educated and affluent workers ... favorable view of immigration tend to see immigrants as only "taking jobs Americans don't want." Workers not in Competition with Immigrants. . .. The National Research Council, in a 1997 study entitled "The New Americans," estimated immigration reduced the wages of workers with less than a high school degree by about 5 percent. These workers roughly correspond to the poorest 10 percent of the workforce. But this reduction caused gains for the other 90 percent of workers equal to one or two tenths of one percent of their wages. ... ... The NRC's findings mean the wages of workers without a high school degree are $13 billion lower because of immigration, while the wages of other [US Citizens] are roughly $19 billion higher, for a net gain of $6 billion. ... The two Harvard economists ... argued the benefit to [US Citizens], relative to the nation's $8 trillion economy ... , is "minuscule."3 ...
Empirical Research:
... Attempts to measure the actual labor market effects of recent immigration empirically have often come to contrary and conflicting conclusions. ... Impact of Immigration Is National Not Local. ... The migration of [US Citizens] out of high-immigrant areas spreads the labor market effects ... to the rest of the country. ... the level of immigration increases to a city, the in-migration of [US Citizens] is reduced. In addition to internal migration patterns, the huge volume of goods and services exchanged between cities across the country creates pressure toward an equalization in the price of labor. ...
The National Research Council.
... report was authored by most of the top economists and demographers in the field ... . ... immigration has had a significant negative effects on the wages of high school dropouts. ... the wages of this group, 11 million of whom are [US Citizens], are reduced by roughly 5 percent ($13 billion a year) as a consequence of immigration. Not a small effect. Dropouts make up a large share of the working poor. Nearly one out of three [AMERICAN] workers living in poverty lacked a high school education. ... Center for Immigration Studies Research. ... suggests the effect of immigration may be even greater than the estimates in the NRC report.7 ... ... immigrants have a significant negative effect on the wages of [US Citizens] employed in occupations require relatively few years of schooling, accounting for about one-fifth of the labor force. In these occupations, a 1 percent increase in the immigrant composition reduces the wages of [US Citizens] by 0.8 percent. Since these occupations are now on average 19 percent immigrant, ... may reduce the wages of workers ... more than 10 percent. ... native-born blacks and Hispanics are much more likely than whites to be ... adversely impacted ... .
Other Research on Wages. Harvard professor George Borjas
... found ... between 1980 and 2000, immigration reduced the average annual earnings of native-born American men by an estimated $1,700 or roughly 4 percent.8 Among [US Citizens] without a high school education, who roughly correspond to the poorest tenth of the workforce, the estimated impact was even larger, reducing their wages by 7.4 percent. [NOTE: This Site sometimes refers to these [American Citizens) as AWMS "angry white males."] The 10 million native-born workers without a high school degree face the most competition ... , as do the eight million younger [US Citizens] with only a high school education and 12 million younger college graduates. The negative effect on native-born American black and Hispanic workers is significantly larger ... because ... minorities are in direct competition with immigrants. ... . Borjas ... indicates the impact of immigration is throughout the labor market. The results for more skilled workers are particularly important because few of the immigrants in this section of the economy are illegal aliens [illegal immigrants], yet the effect is the same -- lower wages for [US Citizens]. This ... strongly indicates the primary reason immigration lowers wages is not immigrants are willing to work for less, rather lower wages are simply the result of immigration increasing the supply of labor.
Impact on Employment.
... effects of immigration, ... has ... an impact on employment. A 1995 study by ... found... "Non-whites appear to lose jobs to immigrants and their earnings are depressed by immigrants." A 1997 ... the Rand Corporation, ... estimated in California between 128,200 and 194,000 people were unemployed or withdrawn from the workforce because of immigration. Almost all of these individuals either are high school dropouts or have only a high school degree. Additionally, most are either women or minorities.
Impact on Employment post-2000.
... immigration may adversely impact [American Citizens] employment. ... the Center for Immigration Studies in 2004, showed the number of employed [US Citizens] was 500,000 fewer in March of 2004 than in March of 2000. In contrast, there has been a net increase of 2.3 million in the number of foreign-born workers ... . ... there was a net increase of 1.7 million in ... adults working in United States, but all of increase went to foreign-born workers.10 About half the growth ... was from illegal immigration. Immigration has remained extremely high since 2000. ... at a time when the economy was not creating as many new jobs, immigration may have reduced job opportunities for [US Citizens] and immigrants ... there was a correction between [American Citizens'] unemployment rates and the share of an occupation comprised of immigrants in 2004. One of the most troubling trends ... was an increase of four [4] million in the number of [US Citizens] 18 to 64 not working. ... not due to early retirement, increased college enrollment, or new moms staying home ... . There is also little evidence immigrants only do jobs Americans do not want. ... immigration has its biggest impact at the bottom end of the labor market,... . But such jobs still employ millions of [American]-born workers. In job categories such as construction labor, building maintenance, and food preparation, immigration added 1.1 million adult workers in the last four years, but there were nearly two million unemployed adult [US Citizens] in these very same occupations in 2004. Those arguing for high levels of immigration ... ignore the very high rate of American unemployment in these job[s] ... , averaging 10 percent in 2004. ... our 2004 employment study are very consistent with ... . ... Northeastern University... published several reports showing all or almost all job growth 2000 to 2004 went to immigrants [legal and illegal?]. It would be a mistake to think every job taken by an immigrant is a job lost by a [American]. ... But it would also be a mistake to assume ... increasing the number of workers in less-skilled occupations has no impact on the employment prospects of [US Citizens]. Perhaps most important, the large number of unemployed [US Citizens] calls into question the argument America is desperately short of workers to do these less-skilled job.
Benefits of Immigration:
... wage losses suffered by the unskilled do not vanish into thin air. ... Thus, additional unskilled immigration can be justified on the grounds it creates a very small net benefit for the country as a whole, though it is harmful for unskilled workers. There is some debate about the net benefit of immigration. A 2002 study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), entitled "Technological Superiority and the Losses from Migration," found there is no economic gain from immigration. In fact the loss to all [US Citizens] totals nearly $70 billion dollars. ...
Impact on an Aging Society
Some observers think without large scale immigration, there will not be enough people of working age to support the economy or pay for government. It is certainly true immigration has increased the number of workers in the United States. ... There is widespread agreement immigration has very little impact on the aging of American society. Immigrants age just like everyone else; moreover the differences with [US Citizens] are not large enough to significantly alter the nation's age structure. This simple fact can be seen clearly in the 2000 Census, ... the average age of an immigrants was 39, compared to 35 for [US Citizens]. 11 Another way to think about the impact of immigration on the aging of American society is to look at the working-age population. ... Census projections are buttressed by Social Security Administration (SAA) estimates showing over the next 75 years, net legal immigration of 800,000 a year versus 350,000 would create a benefit equal to only 0.77 percent of the program's projected expenditures. ...
Policy Discussion
Knowing low-skilled [US Citizens] are made poorer or their unemployment increased by immigration does not tell us what, if anything, we should do about it. ... A number of scholars have argued the inability of low-skilled workers to find work and earn a living wage contributes significantly to such social problems as welfare dependency, family breakup, and crime. ... a significant reduction in employment opportunities for the poorest Americans is a cause for real concern.
Help Workers But Leave Immigration Policy Unchanged.
If we wish to do something about the effects of immigration, there are two possible sets of policy options could be pursued. The first set would involve leaving immigration policy in place and doing more to ameliorate the harmful effects of immigration on [US Citizens] in low-skilled occupations Since the research indicates the negative impact from immigration falls on those employed at the bottom of the labor market, an increase in the minimum wage may be helpful in offsetting some of the wage effects of immigration, though doing so may exacerbate the unemployment effect. Most economists think the minimum wage tends to increase unemployment. Increasing the minimum wage and keeping unskilled immigration high, may make this problem even worse. Another program might be helpful in assisting those harmed by immigrant competition is the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). There is little doubt the Credit increases the income of low-wage workers. However, in addition to the high cost to taxpayers, the Credit may also hold down wages because it acts as a subsidy to low-wage employers. is, employers have less incentive to increase wages because workers are now being paid in part by the federal government. ...
Reducing Unskilled Legal Immigration.
The second set of policy options might be enacted to deal with this problem would involve changing immigration policy with the intent of reducing job competition for [US Citizens] and immigrants already here. If we were to reduce unskilled legal immigration we might want to change the selection criteria to ensure immigrants entering the country will not compete directly with the poorest and most vulnerable workers. At present, only about 12 percent of legal immigrants are admitted based on their skills or education. ... This might include eliminating the preferences now in the law for the siblings and adult children (over 21) of U.S. citizens and the adult children of legal permanent residents. These changes would not only reduce low-skilled legal immigration immediately, they would also limit the chain migration ... .
Reducing Unskilled Illegal Immigration.
In addition ... a greater allocation of resources could be devoted to controlling illegal immigration, ... . About one half of the immigrants working ... construction, building cleaning and maintenance, and food processing and preparation are estimated to be illegal aliens [illegal immigrants] according ... research done by the Pew Hispanic Center. A strategy of attrition through enforcement offers the best hope of reducing illegal immigration. The goal of such a policy would be to make illegals go home or self deport. The former INS estimates 165,000 illegals go home each year, 50,000 are deported, and 25,000 die. But some 800,000 to 900,000 new illegals enter each year so there is a net growth of 400,000 to 500,000 a year.13 ... The centerpiece to interior enforcement would be to enforce the law barring illegals from holding jobs by using national databases already exist to ensure each new hire is legally entitled to work here. In 2004, only four employers were fined for hiring illegals. The IRS must also stop accepting Social Security numbers it knows are bogus. We also need to make a much greater effort to deny illegal aliens [illegal immigrants] things like divers licenses, bank accounts, loans, in-state college tuition, etc. Local law enforcement can play an additional role. When an illegal is encountered in the normal course of police work, the immigration service should pick person up and deport him. More agents and fencing are clearly needed at the border as well.
Conclusion also see above=Conclusion Repeated:
.. it is important to keep in mind other factors in addition to immigration have had a negative impact on low-wage workers. Technological change and increased trade have also played a significant role ... . However, immigration is unlike technological change or globalization because it is a discretionary policy can be altered to suit our needs ... . After all, Congress cannot legislate a pause in the expansion of human knowledge ... but it can reduce unskilled immigration. ... we can do so secure in the knowledge doing so will not harm to the U.S. economy. In fact, it would probably be good for the country as a whole. It should also be remember any negative effect immigration may have on wages is not due primary to a willingness to work for less on the part of illegal immigrants or perhaps legal immigrants as well. Rather, it is mainly the increase in the supply of labor creates lower wages for those who are in competition with immigrants. ... arguments for or against immigration are as much political and moral as they are economic. If one is concerned about low-wage and less-skilled workers ... then clearly our current policy is unwise. On the other hand, if one places a high priority on helping unskilled workers in other countries, then allowing in a large number of such workers makes sense. ... Those who support the current high level of unskilled immigration should at least do so with an understanding those American workers harmed by the policies they favor are already the poorest and most vulnerable.
[THIS SITE CONSIDERED THE FOLLOWING SCHOLARLY ARTICLE OF SUPREME IMPORTANCE.]
Dropping Out
Immigrant Entry and American Exit
From the Labor Market, 2000-2005
By Steven A. Camarota, March 2006
[Note: Our Site substitutes the term [US Citizen] for the author's term "native." Some for the phrase "working" is replaced with "working." So to "with only a high school diploma" equates to "high school graduates." ETC.]
[PLEASE NOTE, WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF ALIGNING ALL CHARTS AND GRAPHS TO MATCH ARTICLE TEXT. PLEASE, BE PATIENT.]
Dropping Out
Immigrant Entry
and
Native[America Citizen]
Exit
From the Labor Market,
2000-2005
By Steven A. Camarota,
March 2006
[Note: For purposes of comprehension, our Site substitutes the term "[US Citizen]" or "American" for the author's word "native." Sometimes, the phrase "working" is replaced with "working." So to "with only "High-School"" equates to "high school graduates." " "High-School" " or "education or less" equals simply "high school" "illegal aliens" equals "illegal immigrants." etc.]
Advocates of legalizing "illegal immigrants" and increasing legal immigration argue there are no Americans to fill low-wage jobs require relatively little education. However, data collected by the Census Bureau show , even prior to Hurricane Katrina, there were almost [4]four million unemployed adult "Americans" (age 18 to 64) with just "High-School", and another 19 million not working. Perhaps most troubling, the share of these less-educated adult "Americans" working has declined steadily since 2000.
[Study of]... all workers show ... between March 2000 and March 2005 only 9 % of the net increase in jobs for adults (18 to 64) went to "Americans" . ... "Americans" accounted for 61 % of the net increase in the overall size of the 18 to 64 ... population. ... between March of 2000 and 2005 the number of adult immigrants (legal and illegal) with only "High-School" working increased by 1.6 million. ... , unemployment among less-educated "adult Americans" increased by nearly [1] one million, and ... "Americans" who left the labor force ... increased by 1.5 million. Persons not ... are neither working nor looking for work. ... , there are 11.6 million less-educated adult immigrants ... , nearly half of whom are ... "illegal immigrants". Of perhaps greatest concern, the % of "adult Americans" without "High-School"who are working fell from 59 to 56 % between March 2000 -2005, and ... "Americans" with only "High-School" ... working fell from 78 to 75 %. • Had labor force participation remained the same, there would have been an additional 450,000 adult native dropouts and 1.4 million "adult Americans" with only "High-School"working. ... since Katrina, in January 2006, show no improvement in labor force participation for "less-educated Americans" . It shows a modest improvement in unemployment only for adult native dropouts, but not for "Americans" with only "High-School" . • The decline in less-educated "adult Americans" (18 to 64) in the labor market does not seem to be the result of more parents staying home with young children, ... . ... some direct evidence immigration has harmed "less-educated Americans" ; states with the largest increase in immigrants also saw larger declines in "Americans" working; and in occupational categories received the most new immigrants, native unemployment averages 10 %. While most ... "Americans" are more educated, and don’t face competition from less-educated immigrants, detailed analysis of 473 separate occupations shows 17 million less-educated ... "Americans" work in occupations with a high concentrations of immigrants. Some of the occupations most impacted by immigration include maids, construction laborers, dishwashers, janitors, painters, cabbies, grounds keepers, and meat/poultry workers. The overwhelming majority of workers in these occupations are native-born. nearly half of American children (under 18) are dependent on a less-educated worker, and 71 % of children of ... working poor depend on a worker with "High-School". Native-born teenagers (15 to 17) also saw their labor force participation fall — from 30 % in 2000 to 24 % in 2005. Wage data show little evidence of a labor shortage. Wage growth for "less-educated Americans" has generally lagged behind wage increases for more educated workers.
A national unemployment rate of 5 %
is irrelevant to the current debate over illegal immigration because Illegals are overwhelmingly employed in only a few occupations, done mostly ... by workers with "High-School". In these high-illegal occupations, native unemployment averages 10 % — twice the national average. Moreover, the unemployment rate does not consider the growing % of less-educated workers who are not even looking for work and have left the labor market altogether. It would be an oversimplification to assume each job taken by an immigrant is a job lost by a native. What is clear is the last five years have seen a record level of immigration. At the same time, the unemployment ... of less-educated ... "Americans" has remained high and the share have left the labor force ... grown significantly. Wage growth ... generally been weak. Thus it is very hard to see any evidence of a labor shortage could justify allowing "illegal immigrants" to stay or to admit more as guest workers. Rather, the available evidence suggests immigration may be adversely impacting "less-educated Americans" . ...
Data Source and Methods Data Source.
... All figures in this study reflect the 2000-based population weights, which were put out by the Census Bureau after the 2000 Census revealed the nation’s population was larger than previously thought. By using the new weights, we are able to make comparisons between the years 2000 and 2005. The March data used for most of this study, which is also called the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, includes an extra-large sample of minorities and is considered one of the best sources of information on the foreign-born.2 The foreign-born are defined as persons living in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth.3 ... ... The immigrant population in the 2005 CPS includes roughly 9.7 million "illegal immigrants" and 1 to 1.5 million persons on long-term temporary visas, ... . ... does not include persons in "group quarters," ... prisons and nursing homes. ... we also report some statistics from the January 2006 CPS, ... the March CPS is considered a better source of data on the foreign-born. Nonetheless, the January file still includes 11,000 adult (18 to 64) immigrants and 74,000 ... "Americans" ... therefore provide a reasonable picture of ... the start of 2006. For ... detailed occupations we also use a combined sample of the 2003 and 2004 American Community Survey. Each ACS data file is six times larger than a March CPS. By combining the two most recent years of the ACS we ... gain insight into the distribution of immigrants and ... "Americans" across the 473 occupations used by the Census Bureau ... ... ... we mainly examine employment patterns among adult workers age 18 to 64. Although ... 18 and over 64 often work, ... adults who comprise the vast majority of full-time workers ... always are the primary income source ... . Thus the labor-market situation of adult workers is central to both to the economy and American families. ... we examine labor-force participation among workers under 18. But ... it makes sense to look only at those who are at least 18 and under age 65, ... . ... we focus on the three most common measures of labor-force attachment ... : 1) unemployment, ... persons who are not holding a job, but ... are looking for work. 2) persons working, ... who have a job. ... ( 3) labor-force participation, ... persons working or looking for work. ... as a % of those working or looking for work in the total working-age population. Economists sometimes refer to this as the LF — labor force participation rate.
Illegals in the CPS Current Population Survey.
It is well-established "illegal immigrants" do respond to government surveys ... . ... the Urban Institute, the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), the Pew Hispanic Center, and the Census Bureau have all used socio-demographic characteristics in the data to estimate the size of the illegal population.4 Our preliminary estimates for the March 2005 CPS indicate there were between 9.6 and 9.8 million "illegal immigrants" in the survey. ... this estimate includes only "illegal immigrants" captured by the March CPS, not those missed ... . If we assume some 10 % of illegal immigrants were missed , then ... the total illegal population at nearly 11 million in March of 2005. ...
Illegals and Labor Force.
We find 5.8 million adult illegal immigrants (age 18 to 64) employed in the March 2005 CPS. also 370,000 unemployed adult illegals. I these figures are only for adults 18 to 64 who were captured by the CPS and are working. It also does not include illegals who are 15 to 17 years of age i Illegals comprise a larger share of the 18-to-64-year-olds than of the entire labor force (when workers under 18 and over 64 are included) ... .
Less-Educated "Americans" and Illegal Immigration.
... We refer to these workers collectively as less-educated or less-skilled. Collectively there were 65 million native-born Americans 18 to 64 in this group in March 2005, and they comprised 42 % of all "Americans" 18 to 64. ... we report statistics for the two groups separately whenever possible. ... all researchers agree illegals are overwhelmingly less-educated.6 Our research indicates some 83 % of employed illegals (18 to 64) have no more than "High-School" . One of the central questions ... over illegal immigration is the extent to which there is a domestic supply of this type of worker could be utilized if we chose to enforce the law and reduce the number of less-skilled "illegal immigrants" ... . ... mechanization could, ... also fill the labor needs of employers. In fact, there is evidence by dramatically increasing the supply of less-skilled workers immigration may be retarding the adoption of labor-saving devices ... .7 But ... we are mainly interested in the supply of less-educated workers. Nonetheless, ... the substitution of capital for labor, ... is another way of meeting the needs of employers.
Less-Educated "Americans" Tend to Be the Poorest Americans.
... less-educated workers tend to be the poorest Americans ... . ... educational attainment is one of the best predictors of economic success ... . The average annual income of an "adult Americans" (aged 18 to 64) without "High-School"is only 27 % of an adult native with more than "High-School" , and for "Americans" with only "High-School" it is still just 57 % of "adult Americans" with education beyond high school. Adult "Americans" 18 to 64 without "High-School" account for 28 % of "adult Americans" in poverty. "adult Americans" with only "High-School" account for 38 % of adults in poverty. ... those with "High-School" account for two-thirds of the poverty ... among adults. And ... . In 2005, 48 % of all children (under 18) in native-headed households were dependent on a worker with only "High-School".8 Of children of the native-born working poor, 71 % are dependent on the wages of workers with only "High-School".9 ... less-educated workers and ... dependents comprise a very large share of the low-income population. Thus how they do in the labor market impacts them, their children, taxpayers, and society as a whole.
Employment of the Less-Educated Declining "American" Employment.
... the number of "adult Americans" (age 18 to 64) holding a job has grown by only 303,000 between March 2000 and March 2005, while the number of adult immigrant workers holding a job increased 2.9 million. ... the total net increase in employment among adult workers was 3.2 million, but only 9 % of the net increase went to "Americans" . This is striking because "Americans" account for 61 % of the net growth in the number of people 18 to 64 in the United States, yet they earned only 9 % of the net increase in jobs between March 2000 and March 2005.10 It is not unreasonable to say "Americans" account for most of the net increase in the number of potential workers, but immigrants accounted for almost all of the net increase in ... workers.
Declining Employment Among Less-educated "Americans"
. also divides the adult population (age 18 to 64) by educational attainment. ... the number of "Americans" without "High-School" holding a job declined by 1.3 million and the number with only "High-School" holding a job declined by 1.9 million. At the same time, the number of adult immigrants without "High-School" holding a job increased by more than 800,000, and the number with only "High-School" holding a job increased by more than 700,000. Taken together, the number of "less-educated Americans" working fell by 3.2 million, while the number of less-educated immigrants working increased by 1.5 million.
Numerical Decline in "American" Employment.
The middle portion ... part of the explanation for the decline in employment among "less-educated Americans" was due to a significant rise in unemployment for both groups. There were 256,000 more unemployed "American" dropouts in March 2005 than in March 2000 and 696,000 more unemployed "Americans" with only "High-School". Thus, 20 % of the decline in the number of "American" dropouts working was due to an increase in unemployment. For "Americans" with only a high school education, the 696,000 rise in unemployment accounted for 37 % of the decline in the number holding a job. If we look at those not working, shown in the bottom section of ... 1, we see the number of "American" dropouts not working changed very little, while the number of "Americans" with only "High-School" went up by 1.4 million. Thus, looking only at numbers, the explanation for the rise in the number not working is somewhat different for the two groups.
For "Americans" with only "High-School", the 1.9 million decline in the number working was due entirely to a substantial increase in the number unemployed and the number not working. But for "American" dropouts, there was a significant decline in the total number of such individuals aged 18 to 64. This is due to rising high school graduation rates for "Americans" and the retirement of older native-born dropouts. Thus some of the decline in the number of adult "American" dropouts working was simply due to an overall decline in the number of such workers. This is not at all the case for "Americans" with only "High-School".
Decline in Employment Rates.
The decline in the absolute number of "Americans" who lack "High-School" in the 18-to-64 age group was also accompanied by a significant deterioration in the % of these "Americans" working. All of the % changes in the share working, unemployed, or not working shown in ... for "Americans" are statistically significant. is, we can say with 90 % certainty the figures for 2000 and 2005 in the nation’s actual population are different from each other based on the results of the survey. For the most part, the changes in the number of immigrants working, unemployed, or not working also are statistically significant. However the % changes for immigrants are not statistically significant. This is not to say there were not changes in the employment % for immigrants in the actual population. It does mean given survey variability we cannot say if the changes in % of immigrants working, unemployed, or not working represent real changes in the population.
the share of "Americans" dropouts
holding a job declined from 53 to 48.2 %. This was partly due to a very substantial rise in their unemployment rate from 10.3 to 14.3 %, and was also due to a rise in the number not working, from 40.9 to 43.7 %. (Note: persons working are either working or looking for work.) If the number of dropouts not working had remained the same as in 2000 (40.9 %), then some 454,000 additional dropouts would have been working. If we take the 454,000 and add it to the 256,000 rise in unemployment among "American" dropouts, it means 710,000, or 53 %, of the 1.3 million decline in the number of "American" dropout workers was due to a rise in their unemployment rate and a fall off in their labor force participation rate. The rest of the decline was simply the result of there being fewer adults age 18 to 64 who had not completed high school. Whatever the reason, these individuals, who already had the highest unemployment and lowest labor force participation rate of any group, have seen their situation deteriorate even further in the last five years. Moreover, as the bottom of ... shows, there were a total of seven million "adult Americans" without "High-School" not working. Even if half or two-thirds of this group do not wish to work, there is still a huge pool of native-born unskilled adult labor numbering in the millions.
As for "Americans" with only "High-School", the % unemployed and the % not working also increased significantly. The top of ... shows the % of high-school-only "adult Americans" holding a job declined from 74.5 to 70.3. This was partly due to a rise in their unemployment rate from 4.8 to 6.9 %, and was also due to a rise in the number not working — from 21.8 to 24.6 %. Unlike dropouts, there was no decline in the overall number of "Americans" 18 to 64 years of age with only "High-School". In fact, the total number of such "Americans" increased slightly. If the share not working had remained the same as in 2000 (21.8 %), then 1.4 million more "Americans" with only "High-School" would have been working. This also does not include the 696,000 rise in the number of unemployed "Americans" with only a high school education.
Taken together, the decline working participation rates of "American" dropouts and those with only "High-School" means there were almost 1.9 million fewer "less-educated Americans" working in 2005 than in 2000. Or put a different way, there are nearly 1.9 million "less-educated Americans" "missing" from the labor market. And this figure does not include the 1.2 million rise in unemployment among less-educated native-born workers. This compares to the 1.6 million increase in the number of less-educated immigrants working. These figures seem to indicate if unemployment and labor force participation for "Americans" had remained at 2000 levels, there would have been an ample supply of less-educated workers in the United States, without immigration. Moreover, these workers are still here, and if the number of less-educated immigrants working were reduced by enforcing immigration laws, then "less-educated Americans" who are unemployed or not working might be available to take such jobs. At the very least, we can say until very recently, a much larger share of less-educated workers held jobs.
Employment Declined Every Year. ... shows only 2000 and 2005 — it does not show the intervening years.
Figure 1 reports the % of adult "American" dropouts (18 to 64) holding a job, and the share working. Again, persons are considered to be working if they either have a job or are looking for one. Figure 2 shows the same figures for "adult Americans" (age 18 to 64) who have only "High-School" . (Table A in the appendix provides more detailed year-by-year information for all educational categories.) Both figures show declining labor force participation for both groups in every year since 2000 – despite the overall improvement in the economy since 2003. The figure for the share working also shows the same trend, with the exception the share of high-school-only "Americans" holding a job did rise very slightly between 2004 and 2005 due to an improvement in their unemployment rate.11 However, the share working in 2005 was still only 70.3 %, much lower than the 74.5 % in 2000. Moreover, Figure 2 shows the share of high-school-only "adult Americans" working continually deteriorated between 2000 and 2005. Figures 1 and 2 are important because they show the problem of declining "American" labor force participation and work is not confined to just one year, but has continued despite a significant improvement in the economy. Of course, as already mentioned, it is immigrants who are the primary beneficiaries of job growth since 2000. itself is the puzzling question: Why are "Americans" , particularly "less-educated Americans" , doing so badly? Or put a different way: why are immigrants getting all the net increase in employment.
What’s Happened Since March 2005.
... the other monthly CPSs can also be used to study immigrants and "Americans" . Data from January 2006 are the most recent available and can give a reasonable picture of ... change since March of 2005. The January 2006 CPS shows no meaningful change ... . ... the March 2005 CPS reported 56.3 % of "adult Americans" with less than a high school education working; the January CPS shows 56.4 %. For those with only "High-School", the March 2005 data showed 75.4 % working; in January 2006 it was 75.3 %. Neither of these differences is statistically significant. While labor force participation has not changed, unemployment does seem to have improved for native-born dropouts. It was 12.9 % in January 2006, compared to 14.3 % in March 2005. For "Americans" with only "High-School" , unemployment also improved very slightly in January 2006 – to 6.7 % compared to 6.9 % in March 2005. As the for share working, the decline in unemployment for "American" dropouts means 49.3 % were working in January 2006 compared to 48.2 % in March 2005. This is still much lower than the 53 % who held a job in March 2000. Other than the decline in unemployment, there has been no meaningful change for "less-educated Americans" between March 2005 and January 2006. It should be noted the above analysis compares the March 2005 CPS, which includes the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the January 2006 CPS, which has no supplement. While all CPS data should produce comparable results, the Annual Social and Economic Supplement is designed to capture harder-to-find populations, such as immigrants. For reason, the Annual Supplement is used to measure such things as poverty or health insurance coverage. To really see if things have changed since March 2005, it probably makes more sense to compare the January 2006 CPS with the March 2005 CPS without the supplement. The March 2005 CPS without the supplement shows 56.5 % of adult "American" dropouts working, virtually identical to the 56.6 % shown in the January 2006 CPS. The March 2005 CPS without the supplement also shows 75.8 % of "adult Americans" with only "High-School" were working. This is actually better than the 75.3 % found in January 2006 CPS, suggesting things might have deteriorated even further for "Americans" with only "High-School" in recent months, at least with regard to labor force participation. As for unemployment, among "American" dropouts it was 14.3 % in March 2005, with or without the supplement. Thus, although their unemployment remains higher than in 2000 and higher than for any other group, the last few months do seem to have seen some improvement in dropout unemployment rates. There is no such improvement for "Americans" with only "High-School". The March CPS without the supplement shows their unemployment at 6.6 %, compared to 6.7 % in the January CPS. Taken together, the results from January 2006 as compared to March, with or without the supplement, show little or no change for "less-educated Americans" . Unemployment may have lessened for "American" dropouts, but the more troubling decline in labor force participation does not seem to have improved. And in fact, there might have been a further deterioration for "Americans" with only "High-School".12
Full-Time Work Has Also Declined
. So far we have considered those holding a job collectively. While the share of "less-educated Americans" holding a job or working has declined, it is possible this situation is at least partly ameliorated by a rise in the share of "American" workers who are employed full-time. (Full-time is defined as usually working 35 hours a week or more.) Table C in the appendix examines this question. The share of "American" workers employed full-time actually declined slightly between 2000 and 2005. However, these declines are not statistically significantly. While the declines are not statistically significant, they certainly do not indicate more "Americans" are working full-time. As we have seen, the share of "Americans" working has declined significantly and this has not been offset by a rise in the share working full-time. This is true for both men and women.
Reasons? Child Rearing, School Attendance and Early Retirement
Labor Market Participation and Child Rearing
. The increase in the number of working age (18 to 64) "Americans" not working could be the result of factors other than the scarcity of employment opportunities. One reason for it might be an increase in the number of adults staying home to care for a young child. In American society women are still more likely to take time off from a career in order to care for children. Thus, looking at changes by gender can also shed light on this question. Analysis of the CPS shows the drop in labor force participation was about three % points for both male and female dropouts and about three % points for men and women with only "High-School". (Table B in the appendix of this report shows detailed figures for men.) Since the decline was the same for both men and women, it seems unlikely child rearing explains the falloff in labor force participation among "American" men 18 to 64. Moreover, the share of less-educated women not working with and without a young child (under age six) increased by roughly the same amount between 2000 and 2005, indicating the share of mothers staying home with kids has not grown.
Labor Market Participation and School Attendance. Another possible reason why "less-educated Americans" might leave the labor force is to gain more schooling. In 2000, 85.7 % of "Americans" (aged 18 to 64) who did not have "High-School" reported they were not in school, in 2005 the % was actually slightly lower, 85.1 %. Fewer "Americans" in school should have caused a slight increase in labor force participation, the opposite of what actually happened. As for persons with only a high school education, in 2000, 97.4 % reported they were not in school, which was almost identical to the 97.1 % in 2005. It should be noted there are some 18-year-olds and even some 19-year-olds in high school; also some dropouts are working for a GED and may report being in school. But the share of such persons was basically the same in 2000 and 2005. What’s more, there are almost no less-educated persons, as it is defined here, attending college because the vast majority of college students show up in the data as having at least some education beyond high school, unless they are in their first semester. The bottom line is rising school attendance does not seem to explain falling labor force participation among "less-educated Americans" .
Labor Market Participation and Early Retirement.
One final possible reason for the decline in labor force participation for "less-educated Americans" is a larger share of persons retired early. But if we look at the labor force participation for persons age 60 to 64 in 2000 and 2005, we find no indication they account for the overall decline. In 2000, 35.7 % of "American" dropouts age 60 to 64 reported they were working compared to 32.8 % in 2005, a 2.9 %-point change; this is almost exactly the same as the decline for dropouts overall. As for "Americans" with only "High-School" age 60 to 64, we find the % in the labor market went from 44.3 % in 2000 to 46.8 % in 2005. This means all of the overall decline in labor force participation among "Americans" with only a high school education was due to a decline for those under age 60, making earlier retirement an unlikely cause of the change. Thus it seems very unlikely early retirement explains any of the decline in labor force participation among either group of "less-educated Americans" .
Evidence of Immigrant Competition
The above analysis shows ... a very large pool of less-educated "Americans" either unemployed or not working. ... it seems hard to argue America is desperately short of less-educated workers. Moreover, these workers have not fared well ... . Given the dramatic increase in the number of less-educated immigrant workers, it is difficult to imagine there is no competition for jobs ... . However, ... actually measure the impact is not easy. ... Looking for differences across states is possible, but states are not discrete labor markets. ... ... The New Americans, the National Research Council came to this same conclusion. ... to avoid some of these problems, we look at age groups and occupations at the national level. However, ... comparisons ... have limitations.
"Americans" and Immigrants by Age.
... the share of "less-educated Americans" working in 2000 and 2005 by age. ... also shows the immigrant share ... in each age group in 2000 and 2005. The bottom of the table shows the correlation between the changing immigrant shares of each group and the share of "Americans" holding a job in each age group.14 The correlation is negative 0.58. A negative correlation means as immigrants increased as a share of an age group, the % of "Americans" working in same age group decreased. Any correlation larger 0.5 or -0.5 is usually seen as meaningful. The square of a correlation, in this case 0.38, can be interpreted to mean 38 % of the variation in the changing % of "less-educated Americans" holding a job ... is explained by the growth of immigrants in the age group. ...
"Americans" with Less Than "High-School" .
Table 2 combined high school dropouts and those with only "High-School" . Table 3 reports figures only for "American" high school dropouts age 18 to 64. The correlations of 0.19 is both positive and very weak, indicating the growth of immigrants in an age group did not vary with the decline in "Americans" holding a job. ... What it does mean is changes in employment among "American" dropouts did not vary with the growth in immigrant workers in an age group between 2000 and 2005. ... Thus, changing immigrant shares by age has little impact on ... employment by age, but there still may be a significant impact on all dropouts. There is ... literature showing high-school-dropout immigrants and "Americans" do compete with each other for jobs.17 ...
"Americans" With "High-School" .
Table 4 reports, by age, the correlation between the growth in immigrant workers with only "High-School" between 2000 and 2005. It also shows the share of "Americans" with only "High-School" holding a job by age group. The correlation between immigrant growth and "American" employment decline is -0.76, an indication of a strong relationship between declining employment among "Americans" with only "High-School" and the rise in immigrant workers. The square of 0.76 is 0.58, indicating 58 % of the variation between age groups in the decline of "American" employment is explained by the increase in the immigrant share. This would seem to be a large impact. However, as already discussed, correlations should always be interpreted with caution. As is true with the other analysis reported above, the same general pattern exists when we look at male workers with only a high school education and also when we focus on their labor force participation.18
High-Immigrant Occupations
another way to examine the impact of immigration on labor market outcomes for "Americans" is to compare occupations. Table 5 reports the concentration of immigrants and "Americans" in the major occupational categories used by the Census Bureau in 2005. All figures are for adults age 18 to 64. The occupational categories are ranked based on "American" unemployment rates, which are shown in the first column. One of the most important things about Table 5 is it shows there are millions of native-born Americans employed in occupations have high concentrations of immigrants. It’s simply incorrect to say immigrants only do jobs "Americans" don’t want. If were so, then there should be occupations comprised almost entirely of immigrants. Just the first five occupational categories of farming/fishing/forestry, construction, building cleaning/maintenance, and food processing currently employ 22 million adult native-born Americans. Because persons not working generally do not list an occupation, it’s not possible to use occupational data to measure labor force participation. However, persons who are unemployed do indicate what they did at their last job. Thus, we can look at the relationship between the presence of immigrants in an occupation and "American" unemployment. Table 5 shows "American" unemployment averages 10 % in the first five occupations listed. The table also shows in just these five occupations there are 2.3 million unemployed "adult Americans" . It’s also worth mentioning while 96 % of adults who are not working report no occupation, some did tell the Census Bureau what job they did when they last worked. In 2005, more than 380,000 "adult Americans" (age 18 to 64) not working said when they were in the labor market, they were employed in one of the first five occupations listed at the top of the table. These figures certainly indicate these occupations are not "off limits" to "Americans" . Perhaps the unemployed "American" workers are not where employers want them, or there is some other reason businesses find these unemployed "Americans" unacceptable. But on its face Table 5 indicates there is quite a lot of unutilized labor of this kind in the United States. We can also correlate "American" unemployment by occupation with the presence of immigrants. Unfortunately, the Census Bureau changed the way it defined occupations in 2003, making it impossible to examine how "American" unemployment rates changed over time by occupation. However, it is possible to look at the unemployment rate and the share of the occupation is comprised of immigrants who indicated in the 2005 survey they arrived in 2000 or later. These recently arrived immigrants are shown in column three of Table 5. The correlation between "American" unemployment rates and the share of an occupation is comprised of recently arrived immigrants is 0.87. The square of this correlation is 0.76. As already indicated, this can be interpreted to mean the presence of recent immigrants explains 76 % of the variation in "American" unemployment rates across occupations. If we compare the share of the occupation is comprised of all immigrants, not just those who arrived after 2000, the correlation is 0.88. Correlations are not proof immigration increases "American" unemployment. But all of these figures are consistent with the possibility immigration may explain a good deal of the unemployment among "Americans" .
Less-educated Workers by Occupations.
A potential problem with the occupational categories in Table 5 is they are highly aggregated, comprising many different specific jobs. It could be the case the immigrants are concentrated in only a few specific occupations. So for example, in the construction category maybe all of the construction laborers are immigrants, while all or nearly all of construction foremen are "Americans" . (Higher-level supervisors would be in the management occupational category.) By looking at all construction jobs together in Table 5 we may not get an accurate picture. The Current Population Survey is simply not large enough to divide workers into much more detailed job categories and still get a reasonable estimate of immigrant shares. One way to deal with this question is to look at only "less-educated Americans" and immigrants in each occupation. By less-educated we mean those with only "High-School".19 This should provide a more "apples to apples" comparison. Table 6 shows adults with only "High-School" in each occupational category. The table reads as follows: In the building cleaning and maintenance category unemployment is 11.6 % among "less-educated Americans" . The second column shows 39.3 % of less-educated workers in occupational category are foreign born. The table shows there are still 14.4 million less-educated "adult Americans" employed in the first five occupations listed and an addition 1.7 million less-educated unemployed adults "Americans" in these five occupations. If we include personal care and service occupations, then there are an additional 1.6 million less-educated "adult Americans" in a "high-immigrant" occupation, and 143,000 more unemployed. This comes to 37 % of all less-educated "adult Americans" . The correlation between the immigrant share of less-educated workers and the unemployment rate for "less-educated Americans" is 0.90, and the square of the correlation is 0.81. This certainly supports the high correlations found in Table 5 when all workers are considered.
Detailed Look at Occupations.
There is another data source allows a more detailed look by occupation. The American Community Survey (ACS) is almost six times larger than the Current Population Survey. While 2005 ACS data are not yet released, by combining 2004 and 2003 ACS data we can get good estimates should be reliable for detailed occupations and is still recent. Table D in the appendix at the end of this Backgrounder shows over 470 occupations for which there are data for 2003 and 2004. By examining occupations in this very detailed way we can see if there are occupations comprised only of immigrants. The far left column of Table D provides a number corresponds to the occupational categories shown in Table 5. So if you want to know about construction occupations, simply look down the list in Table D for occupational category 2, which is the occupational category shown in Table 5. Probably the most important thing about Table D is there are just four occupations out of 473 in which the majority of adult workers are immigrants. These occupations employ only 315,000 immigrant and native-born adults, and account for less than two-tenths of 1 % of all adults 18 to 64 holding a job, and only 1 % of all immigrants are employed in these immigrant-majority occupations. It is simply not correct to say immigrants only do jobs Americans don’t want, when Table D shows the majority of workers doing just about every single job in America are native-born. The tiny number of immigrant- majority jobs falls to just 3 when teenagers (ages 15 to 17) and persons over age 64 are included. To be sure, there are a number of occupations in which immigrants make up a very sizable share. In 35 out of 473 occupations, one-third or more of adult workers (18 to 64) are foreign born. These occupations, some of which are high-skilled, but most of which are low-skilled, account for less than 7 % of the U.S. work force and 18.2 % of all immigrant workers. But perhaps most relevant, there were still 5.1 million "adult Americans" employed in these very immigrant-heavy occupations, constituting 60 % of all adult workers in these occupations. In fact, if workers under 18 and over 64 years of age are included, the number of occupations in which immigrants are more than one-third drops from 35 to 21. Moreover, there were 92 occupations in which 20 % of workers were immigrants, accounting for 20 % of all workers and 41 % of immigrant workers. These occupations also employed 17.7 million "Americans" . So there are not many high-immigrant occupations and even in such occupations the overwhelming majority of workers are still "Americans" . Moreover, the immigrant share is even smaller when all workers are considered, including those under 18 and over 64.
Less-Educated Workers by Detailed Occupation.
The fact there are millions of "Americans" already doing exactly the same kind of work as immigrants is relevant to the problem of declining work and labor force participation discussed at length throughout this paper because, as we have seen, many "Americans" would seem to face significant job competition from immigrants. This is especially true of "less-educated Americans" , who are more likely to be in occupations where immigrants comprise a large share of workers. Using the detailed list of occupations in Table D, we find half of "Americans" with less than "High-School" work in an occupation is at least 15 % foreign born, and one-third of "Americans" with only "High-School" only are employed in an occupation is at least 15 % immigrant. In total, this comes to 17 million "less-educated Americans" .20 In contrast, only one-fifth of "Americans" with more than "High-School" work in a occupation is 20-% immigrant. Many, in fact most, "Americans" do not face significant job competition from immigrants. But just as clearly, millions of "Americans" do face such competition, especially "less-educated Americans" . The key point to take away from Table D is a large share of "less-educated Americans" are employed in high-immigrant occupations. This fact means some "Americans" almost certainly are impacted by immigration. Of course, the American economy is dynamic, and it would be a mistake to think every job taken by an immigrant is a job lost by a "American". To be sure, many factors impact unemployment and labor force participation. But it would also be a mistake to assume dramatically increasing the number of workers in these occupations as a result of immigration policy has no impact on the employment prospects of "Americans" . The data presented make clear the very idea there are jobs only immigrants do is simply wrong. To talk about the labor market in this way is not helpful in understanding the potential impact of immigration on American workers because it gives the false impression the job market is segmented between jobs are done almost exclusively by immigrants and jobs are exclusively "American". This is clearly not the case, even at the bottom end of the labor market.
Immigration in the Largest States.
employment figures for immigrants and "Americans" in 2000 and 2005 for the 20 largest states, 12 of which saw a statistically significant change in the number of immigrant workers. When we look at all workers, there is some evidence immigration may have harmed "Americans" . In the 12 states with statistically significant growth in the overall number of immigrant workers, the share of "adult Americans" working declined by 3.4 % points on average, compared to an average decline of 2.3 % points in the other eight states in the table.21 However, there are clearly exceptions to this general pattern. Illinois and Michigan, which saw a significant decline in manufacturing jobs in recent years, were not among the states with a big increase in the immigrant share of less-educated workers. Moreover, there is no strong correlation between declining overall "American" employment and growth in immigrant workers. This of course may be the result of limited size of the CPS sample in some states, making it impossible to determine the actual impact of immigration. In addition to the issue of sample size, it is important to realize states are not discrete labor markets, this is particularly true of large states with many large metropolitan areas. Unfortunately, comparisons across metropolitan areas are not possible using the CPS public use file. But even comparisons between cities might not be meaningful because as we mentioned earlier, we live in a national economy.
Table 8 reports employment figures for immigrants and "Americans" with only "High-School".
In eight of the largest 20 states there was a statistically significant growth in the number of less-educated immigrant workers. In the eight states shown in Table 8 with statistically significant growth in the number of less-educated immigrant workers, the decline in the number of less-educated "Americans" working averaged 5.1 % points, compared to 4.0 % points for "Americans" in states without statistically significant immigrant growth. The correlation between the growth in the immigrant share of less-educated workers and the decline in "adult Americans" working is 0.50. Excluding Illinois and Michigan, the correlation between declining work among "less-educated Americans" and a growing immigrant share of such workers is 0.61. This supports the possibility immigrants adversely impacted the share of "less-educated Americans" working. We can say , in general, states saw the largest increase in the immigrant share of less-educated workers also tended to see a bigger decline in the share of "less-educated Americans" working. They also tended to see the largest decline in labor force participation.
Wages Among Less-Educated "Americans" .
... wages are another measure of "American" performance in the labor market. ... real wages — adjusted for inflation — for year-round full-time "adult Americans" (age 18 to 64) in 2000 and 2005. ... overall real wages for workers with less than "High-School" rose just 1 %. For those with "High-School" they went up 5 %, and for those with education beyond high school they increased 8 %. These findings tend ... support the idea wage growth has been slower for less-educated workers. ... wages for women have generally risen over time as stereotypes and discrimination ... become less pronounced, ... creating a long-term trend of improving wages for female workers. There is no such long-term social tend among men. ... wages for adult men have not done well in recent years, ... . Real annual wages for ... male high school dropouts actually fell 1 %, and for men with only "High-School" real wages increased just 3 %. In contrast, wages for more educated men rose ten 10 %. ... It would be incorrect to assume ... conclusive evidence about the impact of immigration. ... does make clear is there is little indication less-educated workers are in short supply. If they were the case, wages should have risen very quickly, or at least faster ... as employers bid up wages ... . ...
Illegal Immigrants
... we have examined immigrants collectively. ... ... reports our best estimates for adult (18 to 64) workers by legal status. "Americans" are also shown. ... , in the March 2005 CPS, there are a total of 5.8 million adult illegal immigrants holding jobs. ... there are 370,000 unemployed adult illegal immigrants. ... these estimates are only for illegals in the CPS ... between t ... 18 and 64 and ... working. Occupational Distribution of Illegals. ... 0 shows ... adult illegal immigrants (aged 18 to 64) across occupational categories. The occupations are ranked based on adult "American" unemployment. ... Putting aside those "Americans" who may have withdrawn from the labor market altogether, ... perhaps one-fifth of native-born adults face significant job competition from illegal immigrants. These occupational categories tend to be the lowest paid, so those "Americans" most impacted will tend to be the poorest Americans. As will be recalled from Table 6, 14.4 million less-educated "adult Americans" work in these five occupational categories, accounting for about one-third ... .22 ... unemployment averages 10.3 % for all "adult Americans" in these occupations ... for less-educated it averages 11.5 %. The correlation between "Americans" unemployment and the share of the occupation comprised of "illegal immigrants" is 0.90. ... a correlation is not proof of causation, but it is ... consistent with the possibility illegal immigration has harmed the labor ... prospects of "Americans" .
Illegals by State.
... 1 shows the number and share of workers who are illegal immigrants in the 13 states with the largest number of illegal workers. Because of the sample size of the CPS, there are only a limited number of states for which we can make reasonable estimates. It must be remembered state estimates of illegals are subject to even more uncertainty than national estimates. However, there is general agreement the illegal populations are quite large in these states. What is important about the table is the number of less-educated "adult Americans" who are unemployed or not working is quite large. In total, there are 1.8 million unemployed less-educated "adult Americans" in the 11 states listed in ... 1. There are also 9.4 million less-educated "adult Americans" in these 13 states who are not working. There is not only a large pool of unused less-educated labor in these states, but the number of less-educated "adult Americans" not working increased by 723,000 between 2000 and 2005 in these states and the number unemployed increased 375,000. None of these figures include teenagers or persons over age 64. It’s also worth remembering "Americans" from other states can move to states with a strong demand for labor if employers make it worth their while. Perhaps the illegal immigrants have particular skills employers want or perhaps there is something about "less-educated Americans" in these states and throughout the country makes them undesirable to employers. Nonetheless, it is clear those states with large numbers of illegal immigrant workers have a substantial pool of less-educated "adult Americans" who could be used if the number of illegals were reduced through enforcement.
Conclusion
The findings of this report ... question the idea America is desperately short of less-educated workers. In 2005, there were 3.8 million unemployed "adult Americans" (18 to 64) with just "High-School" and another 19 million not working. Moreover, between 2000 and 2005 there was a significant deterioration in the labor ... prospects of less-educated ... "Americans" . The labor force participation has fallen significantly for both "Americans" without "High-School" and those with only "High-School" . Had it remained the same in 2005 as it had been in 2000, there would have been an additional 450,000 adults without "High-School" ... and 1.4 million more "adult Americans" with a only high school degree ... . This decline in particularly troubling because these workers already have lower labor force participation and higher unemployment than more educated workers. They also tend to be the poorest Americans. Among teenage "Americans" (age 15 to 17), labor force participation ... also declined. At the same time "Americans" have been leaving the labor market, the number of immigrants with "High-School" ... increased by 1.6 million. Wage growth among less-educated "adult Americans" has also lagged well behind more-educated workers. The argument America needs "illegal immigrants" and high levels of legal immigration only makes sense if one ignores the plight of less-educated native-born Americans. We find little evidence immigrants only do jobs "Americans" don’t want. Detailed analysis of 473 separate occupations shows ... The overwhelming majority of workers in almost every single occupation, even the lowest-paid, are native-born. We find some ... evidence immigration has adversely impacted "Americans" . In areas of the country with the largest increase ... of less-educated immigrant workers, less-educated "Americans" have seen the biggest decline ... . "Americans" unemployment also tended to be the highest in occupations with the largest influx of new immigrants. While it would be a mistake to assume every job taken by an immigrant represents a job lost by a "American", it would also be a mistake to think dramatically increasing the number of less-educated immigrant workers has no impact on less-educated "Americans" . This study calls into the question the wisdom of proposals to allow illegal immigrants to remain in the country, or to increase legal immigration still further. The plight of less-educated Americans has generally not been an important consideration for most political leaders in the ongoing debate over immigration. The findings of this report suggest it should
End Notes: Please See: End of PAGE
THE BEGINNING OF A SOLUTION:
INITIAL
SELF-EVIDENT
PREMISES AND ASSUMPTIONS
NECESSARY FOR ENSURING
AN
"EQUITABLE-COMPREHENSIVE"
RESOLUTION OF
THE IMMIGRATION CRISIS
WITH
SOLOMON'S COMPROMISE
PREMISE #1
FOR AN "EQUITABLE SOLUTION"
THERE MUST BE
TWO SOLUTIONS
THE FIRST:
A SHORT-TERM SOLUTION
[Immediately followed by]
THE SECOND:
A PERMANENT LONG-TERM SOLUTION
UNFORTUNATELY:
Almost all empirical research data [the same or very similar objective scholarship] evidences and confirms where "the unambiguous truth" resides. There exists a moral dilemma - a disheartening reality. Initially, in the short-term, elected officials must choose between:
ON ONE SIDE:
ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS:
[exploited as cheap labor by: greedy corporate monopolies, other businesses and private individuals]
ON THE OTHER SIDE:
"THE LEGALS" U.S. CITIZENS AND LEGAL IMMIGRANTS
Specifically, the devastating economic effects upon THE UNITED STATES' IMPOVERISHED AND LESS-EDUCATED
[1] US Citizens, WHO WILL WORK ANY JOB.
[2] Legal Immigrants
[3] African-Americans
[4] Women entering the labor force
[5] High-School Dropouts Citizens and Legal Immigrants
[6] Part-time workers students maintaining education advancement.
[7] Other Start-up Minorities Citizens and Legal Immigrants
[8] The Poor, and all other Less-Educated; or Unskilled workers.
[9] Those who would potentially RE-ENTER THE LABOR FORCE.
[10] The Middle-Class living on the edge of poverty
All of these "LEGALS" are adversely affected by illegal immigration.
OUR POSITION
Regarding
ILLEGAL iMMIGRATION is:
SOLOMON'S COMPROMISE
HOW TO DEAL WITH
THE 12 MILLION ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
CURRENTLY RESIDENT WITHIN
THE UNITED STATES
our methodology for
permanently securing
The Borders
SOME RESEARCH SOURCES
The Mission of
the Pew Hispanic Center
Chronicling Latinos' diverse experiences in a changing America
Illuminating Hispanic Lives
Founded in 2001, the Pew Hispanic Center is a nonpartisan research organization supported by The Pew Charitable Trusts. Its mission is to improve understanding of the U.S. Hispanic population and to chronicle Latinos' growing impact on the entire nation. The Center does not advocate for or take positions on policy issues. It is a project of the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan "fact tank" in Washington, DC provides information on the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world.
Our Research Focus
The Pew Hispanic Center conducts and commissions studies on a wide range of topics with the aim of presenting research at once meets the most rigorous scientific standards and is accessible to the interested public. The Center also regularly conducts public opinion surveys aim to illuminate Latino views on a range of social matters and public policy issues. The Center focuses on eight key subject areas:
Demography - The patterns of Hispanic population growth and settlement across the United States.
Economics - The wealth, well-being and wages of Latinos over time and in comparison to others.
Education - The outcomes and the factors produce them as well as Latino views on education policy issues.
Identity - Attitudes towards a variety of matters shape the ways Latinos see themselves and their place in U.S. society.
Immigration - The foreign born as a factor in population growth, their origins and characteristics.
Labor - Hispanic's role working and the impact of business cycles on their employment and wages.
Politics - Levels of participation, views on policy issues and partisan loyalties.
Remittances - The billions of dollars sent home by Latino immigrants, how they are sent and how they are spent.
General Information and Inquiries
Pew Hispanic Center
Pew Research Center
1615 L Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036-5610 info@pewhispanic.org
202.419.3600 main telephone
202.419.3608 fax
The Mission of the Pew Hispanic Center
Chronicling Latinos' diverse experiences in a changing America
Illuminating Hispanic Lives
Founded in 2001, the Pew Hispanic Center is a nonpartisan research organization supported by The Pew Charitable Trusts. Its mission is to improve understanding of the U.S. Hispanic population and to chronicle Latinos' growing impact on the entire nation. The Center does not advocate for or take positions on policy issues. It is a project of the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan "fact tank" in Washington, DC provides information on the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world.
Our Research Focus
The Pew Hispanic Center conducts and commissions studies on a wide range of topics with the aim of presenting research at once meets the most rigorous scientific standards and is accessible to the interested public. The Center also regularly conducts public opinion surveys aim to illuminate Latino views on a range of social matters and public policy issues. The Center focuses on eight key subject areas:
Demography - The patterns of Hispanic population growth and settlement across the United States.
Economics - The wealth, well-being and wages of Latinos over time and in comparison to others.
Education - The outcomes and the factors produce them as well as Latino views on education policy issues.
Identity - Attitudes towards a variety of matters shape the ways Latinos see themselves and their place in U.S. society.
Immigration - The foreign born as a factor in population growth, their origins and characteristics.
Labor - Hispanic's role working and the impact of business cycles on their employment and wages.
Politics - Levels of participation, views on policy issues and partisan loyalties.
Remittances - The billions of dollars sent home by Latino immigrants, how they are sent and how they are spent.
General Information and Inquiries
Pew Hispanic Center
Pew Research Center
1615 L Street, NW, Suite 700
Washington, DC 20036-5610 info@pewhispanic.org
202.419.3600 main telephone
202.419.3608 fax
Other Resources: Pew Hispanic Center Reports on Immigration
In the most recent survey of U.S. Latinos and Mexicans, Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy: Surveys among Latinos in the U.S. and in Mexico, U.S. Latinos report views are not unanimous on unauthorized migrants and U.S. policy toward them. A separate survey in Mexico reveals the size of the Mexican population is considering migration to the United States, including those inclined to come without legal status.
Who We Are
The Center for Immigration Studies is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit research organization founded in 1985. It is the nation's only think tank devoted exclusively to research and policy analysis of the economic, social, demographic, fiscal, and other impacts of immigration on the United States.
Our Mission
It is the Center's mission to expand the base of public knowledge and understanding of the need for an immigration policy gives first concern to the broad national interest. The Center is animated by a pro-immigrant, low-immigration vision which seeks fewer immigrants but a warmer welcome for those admitted.
Publications
The Center publishes Backgrounders, papers, and other reports. For a complete list, go to the publications page.
Listservs
The Center maintains two e-mail lists covering immigration news from around the world. To read about the lists and how to subscribe, click here. The Katz Award for Excellence in the Coverage of Immigration
The Center hopes to raise the bar in immigration coverage by the media making an annual award to the journalist who best challenges the norm of immigration reporting. Read about our winners.
Support the Center
The Center is a tax-exempt educational organization as set forth in Sec. 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, and thus contributions to the Center are tax-deductible. To make a tax-deductible donation Click Here.
OTHER SOURCES
FROM [CIS]
THE CENTER FOR IMMIGRATION STUDIES
We ask our visitors to read as many of these as are of interest:
Panel Discussion Transcript: Guestworker Programs: Do They Make Sense for America? March 3, 2006, National Press Club, Washington, D.C. February 2006 Backgrounder: Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Connection Between Legal and Illegal Immigration, by James R. Edwards, Jr. Testimony: "Verification of Employment Authorization: Federal Basic Pilot Program is an Effective and Employer-friendly Tool for Immigration Law Compliance," Testimony prepared for the State, Veterans & Military Affairs Committee of the Colorado General Assembly, Denver, Colorado, February 21, 2006. Statement of Jessica M. Vaughan, Senior Policy Analyst, Center for Immigration Studies.
January 2006
Op-ed: Giving Enforcement a Chance: Before We Give Up On Immigration Enforcement, Why Don't We Try It? by Mark Krikorian, National Review, January 30, 2006
December 2005
Op-ed: Back in the CNMI: The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is no model when it comes to immigration, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, December 31, 2005 Op-ed: Tougher measures aim to rein in uncontrolled immigration, by Mark Krikorian, Atlanta Journal-Constitution Online, December 29, 2005 Op-ed: Getting With the Enforcement Program, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, December 21, 2005 Backgrounder: Immigrants at Mid-Decade A Snapshot of America's Foreign-Born Population in 2005, by Steven A. Camarota Backgrounder: The Bottom of the Pay Scale: Wages for H-1B Computer Programmers, by John Miano Congressional Testimony: "The Impact of Non-Citizens on Congressional Apportionment," testimony prepared for the House Subcommittee on Federalism and the Census, December 6, 2005. Statement of Steven A. Camarota, Director of Research, Center for Immigration Studies Op-ed: Punish Employers Who Hire Illegals, by Mark Krikorian, The Philadelphia Inquirer,
November 2005
Panel Discussion Transcript: Dual Allegiance and the Politics of Immigration Reform, Hudson Institute Walter and Betsy Stern Conference Center, Washington, D.C., Wednesday, November 30, 2005 Backgrounder: Dual Allegiance: A Challenge to Immigration Reform and Patriotic Assimilation, by John Fonte with a foreword by Newt Gingrich and an introduction by Thomas L. Bock, National Commander of the American Legion, and Dr. Herbert I. London, President of the Hudson Institute Op-ed: L'Intifada en Los Estados Unidos, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, November 17, 2005 Congressional Testimony: "The Impact of Immigration on the American Workforce," testimony prepared for the House Committee on Education and the Workforce, November 16, 2005. Statement of Steven A. Camarota, Director of Research, Center for Immigration Studies Panel Discussion Transcript: The French Riots and U.S. Immigration Policy, Rayburn House Office Building, November 14, 2005
October 2005
Op-ed: Use Enforcement to Ease Situation, by Steven A. Camarota, The Arizona Republic, October 23, 2005 Testimony: "Secure Licenses Critical to Homeland Security," Testimony Prepared for the Joint Transportation Committee, Massachusetts State House, October 25, 2005. Statement of Jessica M. Vaughan, Senior Policy Analyst, Center for Immigration Studies Panel Discussion Transcript: The 50% American: Immigration and National Identity in an Age of Terror, National Press Club, October 24, 2005 Senate Testimony: Statement of Mark Krikorian, Executive Director, Center for Immigration Studies, Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary Hearing on "Comprehensive Immigration Reform II", October 18, 2005 Backgrounder: Birth Rates Among Immigrants in America: Comparing Fertility in the U.S. and Home Countries, by Steven A. Camarota Op-ed: Debating Immigration, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, October 10, 2005 Center Paper 25: Reforming Dual Citizenship in the United States: Integrating Immigrants into the American National Community, by Stanley A. Renshon
September 2005
Congressional Testimony: Reforming Dual Citizenship in the United States Integrating Immigrants into the American National Community. Stanley A. Renshon's testimony before the House Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security & Claims, September 29, 2005 Testimony: "SAVE: A Useful Tool for State Agencies," Testimony Before The Joint Committee on Housing, Massachusetts State House, September 20, 2005 Statement of Jessica M.Vaughan, Senior Policy Analyst, Center for Immigration Studies Op-ed: Not So Realistic: Why Some Would-Be Immigration Reformers Don't Have the Answer, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, September 12, 2005 Panel Discussion Transcript: Release of Keeping Terrorists Out and Immigration and Terrorism, National Press Club, August 30, 2005 Backgrounder: Keeping Extremists Out: The History of Exclusion and the Need for Its Revival, by James R. Edwards, Jr. Center Paper 24: Immigration and Terrorism: Moving Beyond the 9/11 Staff report on Terrorist Travel, by Janice L. Kephart
August 2005
Op-ed: Immigration Problem Needs an Attrition Policy, by Mark Krikorian, The Arizona Republic, August 28, 2005
Op-ed: Liberal Two-Step: Dems Pay Lip Service Only On Border Patrol, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, August 19, 2005
Panel Discussion: State Lawmakers Assess Immigration Challenges, Center for Immigration Studies, August 3, 2005
Op-ed: "Ay Caramba Mexican Immigration Isn't Going Away on Its Own," by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, August 3, 2005
Backgrounder: Modernizing America's Welcome Mat: The Implementation of US-VISIT, by Jessica M. Vaughan
July 2005
Op-ed: "Bordering on CAFTA: More Trade, Less Immigration," by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, July 28, 2005
Backrounder: Births to Immigrants in America, 1970 to 2002, by Steven A. Camarota
June 2005
Congressional Testimony: Oversight hearing on the 'Diversity Visa Program,' U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, June 15, 2005
Statement of Mark Krikorian, Executive Director, Center for Immigration Studies
Backgrounder: Immigration-Related Dissertations 2004, compiled by Kelly DuBois
Eugene Katz Award for Excellence in the Coverage of Immigration
Backgrounder: Refugee Resettlement and 'Freedom of Choice': The Case of Soviet Jewry, by Fred A. Lazin
Op-ed: "The Latest Amnesty: McCain and Kennedy Make a Bad Pair on Immigration," by Mark Krikorian, National Review, June 6, 2005
May 2005
Panel Discussion: Downsizing Illegal Immigration: A Strategy of Attrition Through Enforcement,
National Press Club, May 24, 2005
Backgrounder: Downsizing Illegal Immigration: A Strategy of Attrition Through Enforcement, by Mark Krikorian
Op-ed: Re: Immigration: Ten Points for a Successful Presidential Candidate, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, May 23, 2005
Op-ed: Problem Offered as Solution in New 'Old' Plan, by Mark Krikorian, The Arizona Daily Star, May 15 2005
Op-ed: The Minuteman's Success, by Mark Krikorian and Steven Camarota, The Washington Times, May 13, 2005
Op-ed: Fool Me Twice, Shame on Me: The McCain/Kennedy Amnesty, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, May 13, 2005
Congressional Testimony: "New 'Dual Missions' Of The Immigration Enforcement Agencies." Testimony Before The Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims, May 5, 2005
Statement of Michael W. Cutler, Fellow, Center for Immigration Studies
Congressional Testimony: "Immigrant Job Gains and Native Job Losses 2000 to 2004." Testimony Prepared for the House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims, May 4, 2005
Statement of Steven A. Camarota, Director of Research, Center for Immigration Studies
April 2005
Panel Duscussion: Immigration in an Aging Society: Workers, Birth Rates, and Social Security, National Press Club, April 26, 2005
Op-ed: No Child Left Behind: A Review of The Empty Cradle: How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity and What to Do About It, by Phillip Longman, and Fewer: How the New Demography of Depopulation Will Shape Our Future, by Ben J. Wattenberg, by Mark Krikorian, The Claremont Review of Books, April 25, 2005
Backgrounder: Immigration in an Aging Society: Workers, Birth Rates, and Social Security, by Steven A. Camarota
Op-ed: Harvesting Illegals, by Mark Krikorian, FrontPageMagazine.com, April 8, 2005
Backgrounder: Europe's MujahideenWhere Mass Immigration Meets Global Terrorism, by Robert S. Leiken
March 2005
Backgrounder: Citizenship Up for Grabs: The Supreme Court and Immigration, by Mark R, Levin
Op-ed: A REAL Solution: The Safe Side of the ID Debate, By Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, March 22, 2005
Op-ed: Borderline Insanity, by Mark Krikorian, The National Interest, Spring 2005
Congressional Testimony: "Interior Immigration Enforcement Resources," Testimony before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, March 10, 2005
Statement of Michael W. Cutler, Fellow, Center for Immigration Studies
Congressional Testimony: "CPB and ICE: Does the Current Organizational Structure Best Serve U.S. Homeland Security Interests?" Testimony before the Subcommittee on Management, Integration, and Oversight, March 9, 2005
Statement of Michael W. Cutler, Fellow, Center for Immigration Studies
Streaming Video: The Institute of Politics and the Kennedy School of Government Forum: The Politics of Immigration Reform, featuring Mark Krikorian, March 7 2005
February 2005
Backgrounder: United States Technological Superiority and the Losses From Migration, by Donald R. Davis and David E. Weinstein
Op-ed: Job Data Should Give Pause to Immigration Advocates, by Steven A. Camarota, Minneapolis Star Tribune, February 20, 2005
January 2005
Backgrounder: Lessons Learned From the Legalization Programs of the 1980s, by David S. North
Op-ed: Social Security and Mexico: A Travesty. What's Really Being Proposed, by Marti Dinerstein, The American Enterprise, January/February 2005
December 2004
Op-ed: Should the United States get Tough on Illegal Workers? Yes, by Mark Krikorian, New York Daily News, December 26, 2004
Backgrounder: No Child Left Behind: New Rules for Unaccompanied Minor Illegal Aliens, by Don Barnett
November 2004
Backgrounder: Economy Slowed, But Immigration Didn't: The Foreign-Born Population, 2000-2004, by Steven A. Camarota
Op-ed: Between the Lines: Bush May Have Won, but Tuesday's Results Contain No Mandate for Illegal-Alien Amnesties, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, November 5, 2004
October 2004
Presentation: Modernizing the Welcome Mat: A Look at the Goals and Challenges of the US-VISIT Program, by Jessica M. Vaughan at the Smart Borders Conference, Institute for Defense and Government Advancement, Washington, DC, October 26-27, 2004
Backgrounder: A Jobless Recovery? Immigrant Gains and Native Losses, by Steven A. Camarota
Panel Discussion: Losing Ground or Staying Even? Republicans and the Politics of the Latino Vote, National Press Club, October 14, 2004
Backgrounder: Losing Ground or Staying Even? Republicans and the Politics of the Latino Vote, by James G. Gimpel
September 2004
Panel Discussion: Social Security 'Totalization': Examining a Lopsided Agreement with Mexico, Rayburn House Office Building, September 22, 2004
Backgrounder: Social Security 'Totalization': Examining a Lopsided Agreement with Mexico, by Marti Dinerstein
August 2004
Panel Discussion: The Costs of Illegal Immigration: The Impact of Illegal Aliens on the Federal Budget, National Press Club, August 25, 2004
Center Paper 23: The High Cost of Cheap Labor: Illegal Immigration and the Federal Budget, by Steven A. Camarota, August 2004
Op-ed: Splintered Plank: The White House Spins and Misses on Immigration, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, August 26, 2004
Op-ed: Playing Games with Security: Taking Two Steps Back for Every Step Forward on Immigration, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, August 18, 2004
July 2004
Dissertations: Immigration-Related Dissertations 2003, prepared by Irie Turner
Panel Discussion: Testing for Citizenship: Update on the Redesign of the Naturalization Exam, Center for Immigration Studies Conference Center, July 13, 2004
Backgrounder: Taking Chances: The Folly of the Visa Lottery, by Mark Krikorian
June 2004
Op-ed: Post-Americans: They've Just Grown Beyond Their Country, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, June 22, 2004
Congressional Testimony: "The Visa Waiver Program and The Screening of Potential Terrorists,"
Testimony before the U.S. House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Human Rights, June 16, 2004
Statement of Mark Krikorian, Executive Director, Center for Immigration Studies
Transcript: Eugene Katz Award for Excellence in the Coverage of Immigration
Backgrounder: Crime & the Illegal Alien: The Fallout from Crippled Immigration Enforcement,
by Heather Mac Donald
Backgrounder: State and Local Authority to Enforce Immigration Law: A Unified Approach for Stopping Terrorists, by Mr. Kris W. Kobach
May 2004
Congressional Testimony: "Pushing the Border Out on Alien Smuggling: New Tools and Intelligence Initiatives," Testimony before House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, May 18, 2004
Statement of Michael W. Cutler, Fellow, Center for Immigration Studies
Magazine Article: Keeping Terror Out: Immigration Policy and Asymmetric Warfare,
by Mark Krikorian, The National Interest, Spring 2004
Backgrounder: Increasing the Supply of Labor Through Immigration: Measuring the Impact on Native-born Workers, by Dr. George J. Borjas
Op-ed: Some Lost Jobs Never Leave Home: Skilled Foreigners Flow In to Fill Them,
by Jessica Vaughan, The Washington Post, May 2, 2004
April 2004
Backgrounder: High Noon to Midnight: Why Current Immigration Policy Dooms American Jewry, by Dr. Steven M. Steinlight
Congressional Testimony: "What's Wrong With the Visa Lottery?" Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, April 29, 2004
Statement of Steven Camarota, Director of Research, Center for Immigration Studies
Op-ed: Don't Give Noncitizens the Vote: Recent proposals to relax election requirements would ill serve the national interest, by Mark Krikorian, Newsday, April 26, 2004
Op-ed: Safety Through Immigration Control, by Mark Krikorian, The Providence Journal,
April 24, 2004
Op-ed: Let Immigrants Vote? No, by Mark Krikorian, New York Daily News, April 18, 2004
Op-ed: Trade Agreements and Immigration, by Jessica Vaughan, In the National Interest,
April 13, 2004
Op-ed: Gambling with Visas, by Mark Krikorian, The American Enterprise, April/May, 2004
Op-ed: Viewpoints: Should borders be open? by Mark Krikorian, BBC News, UK Edition,
April 1, 2004
March 2004
Backgrounder: Guestworker Programs: Lessons from the Past and Warnings for the Future,
by Vernon M. Briggs Jr.
Op-ed: Strange Bedfellows: Left and right on immigration, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, March 31, 2004
Congressional Testimony: "Flawed Assumptions Underlying Guestworker Programs;" Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, March 24, 2004,
Statement of Mark Krikorian, Executive Director, Center for Immigration Studies
Congressional Testimony: "Funding for Immigration in the President's 2005 Budget;" Testimony before House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, March 11, 2004, Statement of Michael W. Cutler, Fellow, Center for Immigration Studies
Op-ed: Not Amnesty but Attrition: The Way to go on Immigration, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, March 22, 2004
Panel Discussion: INS, RIP: One Year Later, The National Press Club, March 3, 2004
Congressional Testimony: "America's New Welcome Mat: A Look at the Goals and Challenges
of the US-VISIT Program;" Testimony before the the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform, March 4, 2004
Statement of Jessica M. Vaughan, Senior Policy Analyst, Center for Immigration Studies
Testimony: "The Proposed Issuance of Maryland State Driver's Licenses to Illegal Aliens," Testimony before the Maryland House of Delegates, Judiciary Committee, February 18, 2004
Statement of Michael W. Cutler, Fellow, Center for Immigration Studies
February 2004
Backgrounder: Flawed Assumptions Underlying Guestworker Programs, by Mark Krikorian
Op-ed: Bush Bill Would Aid Mexico's Meddling in U.S., by Mark Krikorian, Newsday,
February 18, 2004
Congressional Testimony: "Preventing the Entry of Terrorists into the United States,"
Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on International Relations,
Sub-committee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Human Rights, February 13, 2004
Statement of Jessica M. Vaughan, Senior Policy Analyst, Center for Immigration Studies
Statement of Peter K. Nunez, Board of Directors Chairman, Center for Immigration Studies
Congressional Testimony: "Guestworker Programs for Low-Skilled Workers: Lessons from the Past and Warnings for the Future." Testimony before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security of the Judiciary Committee of the U.S. Senate, February 5, 2004
Statement of Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Board Member, Center for Immigration Studies
January 2004
Op-ed: Earth to WSJ: Clueless on immigration. by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, January 28, 2004
Op-ed: Enforcement Blues: Do we want an immigration agency works, or not?
by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, January 26, 2004
Op-ed: Amnesty, Again: This country should have learned -- apparently, it has not,
by Mark Krikorian, National Review, January 26, 2004
Op-Ed: No Time like the Present for Driver's License Reform, by Jessica Vaughan,
The Bennington (Vt.) Banner, January 17, 2004
Op-Ed: Bush Plan for Illegals Out of Touch with Reality, by Mark Krikorian, January 17, 2004
Backgrounder: Promise Unfulfilled: Why Didn't Collective Bargaining Transform California's Farm Labor Market? by Philip L. Martin
Op-Ed: Immigration, Saudi Style: A radical disconnect, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, January 13, 2004
Op-Ed: Jobs Americans Won't Do: Voodoo Economics from the White House,
by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, January 7, 2004
December 2003
Backgrounder: Falling Behind on Security: Implementation of the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, by Rosemary Jenks and Steven A. Camarota
Backgrounder: Be Our Guest: Trade Agreements and Visas, by Jessica Vaughan
Backgrounder: Politics by Other Means: The "Why" of Immigration to the United States,
by Fredo Arias-King
November 2003
Op-Ed: Arizona Amnesty: Rewarding Illegal Aliens, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, November 21, 2003
Backgrounder: Immigration in a Time of Recession: An Examination of Trends Since 2000,
by Steven A. Camarota
Backgrounder: Fewer Immigrants, a Warmer Welcome: Fixing a Broken Immigration Policy,
by Mark Krikorian
October 2003
Congressional Testimony: "The Impact of Immigration On American Workers,"
Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, October 30, 2003
Testimony of Steven A. Camarota, Director of Research, Center for Immigration Studies
Backgrounder: Remaking the Political Landscape: The Impact of Illegal and Legal Immigration on Congressional Apportionment, by Dudley L. Poston, Jr., Steven A. Camarota, and Amanda K. Baumle
Op-Ed: A Stern Face and a Warm Welcome, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, October 27, 2003
Op-Ed: At Issue: Should amnesty be granted to Latinos living illegally in the U.S.?
by Mark Krikorian, The Congressional Quarterly Researcher, October 17, 2003
Op-Ed: No Longer the Third Rail: Immigration makes a political comeback in California,
by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, October 9, 2003
Op-Ed: Freeloaders, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, October 3, 2003
Backgrounder: Out of Africa: Somali Bantu and the Paradigm Shift in Refugee Resettlement,
by Don Barnett
September 2003
Op-Ed: Irving can help immigrants, by Mark Krikorian, The Dallas Morning News, September 14, 2003
Panel Discussion: Can Immigration Law Be Enforced? Two Years after 9/11, Many Still
Answer 'No', September 26, 2003
Backgrounder: Where Immigrants Live: An Examination of State Residency of the Foreign Born by Country of Origin in 1990 and 2000, Steven A. Camarota and Nora McArdle
August 2003
Report: Outsmarting Smart Growth: Population Growth, Immigration, and the Problem of Sprawl, by Roy Beck, Leon Kolankiewicz, and Steven A. Camarota
Transcript: Mexifornia: A State of Becoming, August 20, 2003 at the National Press Club
Backgrounder: RICO: A New Tool for Immigration Law Enforcement, by Micah King
July 2003
Backgrounder: Bar None: An Evaluation of the 3/10-Year Bar, by Jessica Vaughan
June 2003
Transcript: The Role of State and Local Law Enforcement in Immigration, Rayburn House Office Building, June 26, 2003
Congressional Testimony: The Deadly Consequences of Illegal Alien Smuggling, by Peter Nunez, House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, June 26, 2003
Congressional Testimony: The Issuance, Acceptance and Reliability Of Consular Identification Cards, by Marti Dinerstein, House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, June 19, 2003
Transcript: Mexico's Illegal Alien ID Card: Should it be Valid in the United States?, The Nixon Center, June 12, 2003
Backgrounder: Immigration-Related Dissertations 2002, prepared by Thomas P. Redding
Backgrounder: The Universe of the Illegal Alien, by Victor Davis Hanson
May 2003
Eugene Katz Award for Excellence in the Coverage of Immigration
Backgrounder: North American Borders: Why They Matter, by Glynn Custred
Op-ed: Oil for Illegals? Mexico, and the Democrats, have a fit over House vote., National Review Online, by Mark Krikorian, May 14, 2003
Op-ed: Green-Card Soldiers Don't Pass Muster: Using Noncitizens for Our Defense Raises Security and Allegiance Issues, Los Angeles Times, by Mark Krikorian, May 6, 2003
April 2003
Backgrounder: Officers Need Backup: The Role of State and Local Police in Immigration Law Enforcement, by James R. Edwards, Jr.
Op-ed: Green-Card Soldiers: Should the U.S. military be reserved for Americans?
National Review Online, by Mark Krikorian, April 22, 2003
Backgrounder: Postscript 9/11: Media Coverage of Terrorism and Immigration,
by William McGowan
Congressional testimony: Securing the Homeland Through Immigration Law Enforcement,
by Mark Krikorian, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, April 10, 2003
Transcript: U.S.-Canada Border Issues, Rayburn House Office Building, April 7, 2003
March 2003
Backgrounder: Back Where We Started: An Examination of Trends in Welfare Use Since Welfare Reform, by Steven A. Camarota
February 2003
Op-ed: The Security Costs of Immigration, American Outlook, by Mark Krikorian
Backgrounder: Immigration Policy at the Edges: International Migration to and Through the U.S. Island Territories, by David S. North
Op-ed: INS, R.I.P.: Into dustbin of history, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, February 28, 2003
Op-ed: NRO Debates: Dealing with illegal immigrants should be a top priority of the war on terror, Part II, Part III, by Mark Krikorian and Tamar Jacoby, National Review Online, February 12-14, 2003
January 2003
Announcement: 800,000 + Illegals Entering Annually in Late '90s: New INS Report Also Finds 80,000 from Middle East, by Steven A. Camarota, February 4, 2003
Backgrounder: IDs for Illegals: The 'Matricula Consular' Advances Mexico's Immigration Agenda, by Marti Dinerstein
Backgrounder: Latinos and the 2002 Election: Republicans Do Well When Latinos Stay Home, by James G. Gimpel
Backgrounder: Shortcuts to Immigration: The 'Temporary' Visa Program Is Broken,
by Jessica Vaughan
December 2002
Op-ed: Divergent Foreign Policy Views: Survey finds biggest public/elite gap is over immigration, by Mark Krikorian, In The National Interest, December 25, 2002
Backgrounder: Elite vs. Public Opinion: An Examination of Divergent Views on Immigration,
by Roy Beck and Steven A. Camarota
Op-ed: Welcoming the Enemy by Mark Krikorian, National Review, December 9, 2002
November 2002
Op-ed: Immigration and Terrorism by Mark Krikorian, The San Diego Union-Tribune, November 26, 2002
Backgrounder: Immigrants in the United States - 2002: A Snapshot of America's Foreign-Born Population, by Steven A. Camarota
Backgrounder: Giving Cover to Illegal Aliens: IRS Tax ID Numbers Subvert Immigration Law,
by Marti Dinerstein
October 2002
Transcript: Visas for Terrorists: What Went Wrong? National Press Club, October 31, 2002
Congressional Testimony: The U.S.-Canada Safe Third Country Agreement: A Vital First Step by Mark Krikorian, House Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, October 16, 2002
Op-ed: Asymmetrical Warfare and Immigration by Mark Krikorian, In The National Interest, October 16, 2002
Backgrounder: Safety in (Lower) Numbers: Immigration and Homeland Security,
by Mark Krikorian
Congressional Testimony: Threats to National Security: The Asylum System, Visa Lottery, and 245(i). Steven A. Camarota's testimony before the House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, October 9, 2002
September 2002
Op-ed: Targeting Tancredo: Further proof we're not serious about border control,
by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, September 20, 2002
Op-ed: Feel Safer Yet? Making Immigration an Issue, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, September 10, 2002
Backgrounder: The Deportation Abyss: It Ain't Over 'Til the Alien Wins, by Michelle Malkin
August 2002
Op-ed: The Muslim Wave: Dealing with Immigration from the Middle East,
by Steven A. Camarota, National Review, August 30, 2002
Op-ed: How the Terrorists Get In by Steven A. Camarota, The Public Interest
Op-ed: Hasta La Vista, Ziglar by Mark Krikorian, National Review, August 20, 2002
Transcript: Immigrants from the Middle East, National Press Club, August 14, 2002
Backgrounder: Immigrants from the Middle East: A Profile of the Foreign-Born Population from Pakistan to Morocco, by Steven A. Camarota
Backgrounder: Muslim Immigrants in the United States, by Daniel Pipes and Khalid Duran
Transcript: Mexican Immigration After 9/11: New (and Old) Challenges, co-sponsored with the Nixon Center, August 6, 2002
July 2002
Op-ed: Too Many: Looking Today's Immigration in the Face, by Steven A. Camarota, National Review, July 29, 2002
Op-ed: Eternal Vigilance: Handing Out Green Cards is a Security Matter, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, July 23, 2002
Op-ed: Welcome New Americans, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, July 3, 2002
Backgrounder: Mexico's Forgotten Southern Border: Does Mexico practice at home what it preaches abroad? by George W. Grayson
Immigration-related Dissertations 2001
June 2002
Congressional Testimony: Statement on H.R. 5005 the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Mark Krikorian's testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, June 27, 2002
Backgrounder: An Evaluation of the Foreign Student Program, by George Borjas
Congressional Testimony: Making Interior Enforcement Work, Steven Camarota's testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, June 19, 2002
Op-ed: Alingual Education: Young Victims of Mass Immigration, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, June 13, 2002
Transcript: Panel Discussion on The Impact of Islamic Immigration on American Values and the Jewish Community hosted by the American Jewish Congress
Announcement: Census Releases Immigrant Numbers for 2000: Analysis by CIS finds size, growth unprecedented in American history
Backgrounder: The Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002: A Summary of H.R. 3525, by Rosemary Jenks
May 2002
Announcement: How is the Media's Immigration Coverage? Panel Discussion & Award to Former Washington Times Writer
Center Paper 21: The Open Door: How Militant Islamic Terrorists Entered and Remained in the United States, 1993-2001, by Steven A. Camarota
Backgrounder: Canada's Asylum System: A Threat to American Security? by James Bissett
Op-ed: Black and Tan Fantasy, by Mark Krikorian, National Review, May 6, 2002
April 2002
Op-ed: Muslim Invasion: What increased Muslim immigration could mean for U.S. Israeli policy and American Jews, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, April 17, 2002
Backgrounder: America's Identity Crisis: Document Fraud is Pervasive and Pernicious,
by Marti Dinerstein
March 2002
Report: The Impact of Welfare Reform on Immigrant Welfare Use by George J. Borjas
Op-ed: Get Tight: Now More Than Ever, Immigration Should Be Curtailed by Mark Krikorian, National Review, March 25, 2002
Announcement: Immigration from Mexico: New Papers Examine Implications and Options
Backgrounder: Another 50 Years of Mass Mexican Immigration: Mexican Government Report Projects Continued Flow Regardless of Economics or Birth Rates, by David Simcox
Report: Enchilada Lite: A Post-9/11 Mexican Migration Agreement by Robert S. Leiken
Op-ed: Immigration Inaction by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, March 11, 2002
Backgrounder: The Coming Conflict Over Asylum: Does America Need a New Asylum Policy?, by Don Barnett
February 2002
Op-ed: Making our de-facto national ID card work, by David Simcox, United Press International, February 26, 2002
January 2002
Announcement: Census Bureau: Over 100,000 Illegal Aliens from the Middle East: New Government Report Raises Concerns in Light of Terrorist Threat
Op-ed: Stamp Act: Immigrants Si, Immigration No, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, January 15, 2002
December 2001
Backgrounder: The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001: A Summary of the Anti-Terrorism Law's Immigration-Related Provisions, by Rosemary Jenks
November 2001
Backgrounder: Immigration and Terrorism: What Is to Be Done? by Mark Krikorian and Steven A. Camarota
Transcript: Panel Discussion on Immigration and American Labor
Transcript: Panel Discussion on Immigration and Terrorism
Op-ed: It's Time to Plug Our Leaky Borders, by Mark Krikorian, City Journal, Autumn 2001, Vol. 11, No. 4
October 2001
Senate Testimony: Immigration and Terrorism. Steven A. Camarota's testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information, October 12, 2001
Center Paper 20: Dual Citizenship and American National Identity, by Stanley A. Renshon
Announcement: Census Bureau: Eight Million Illegal Aliens in 2000: Finding Raises Concern Over Border Control in Light of Terrorist Threat
Congressional Testimony: Immigration and Civil Rights in the Wake of September 11th,
Mark Krikorian's testimony before the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, October 12, 2001
Backgrounder: The Jewish Stake in America's Changing Demography: Reconsidering a Misguided Immigration Policy, by Stephen Steinlight
Backgrounder: The New Ellis Islands: Examining Non-Traditional Areas of Immigrant Settlement in the 1990s, by Steven A. Camarota and John Keeley
September 2001
Op-Ed: How Did the Terrorists Get In?, by Mark Krikorian and Steven A. Camarota, San Francisco Chronicle, September 19, 2001
Announcement: Zogby Poll on Immigration and Terrorism: Americans Think Lax Immigration Enforcement Helped the Terrorists
Op-ed: The Vicente Fox Show: Delegating White House Policy to Mexico, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, September 7, 2001
Backgrounder: Attitudes Toward Amnesty: Zogby Poll Examines Support Among Different Constituencies, by Steven A. Camarota
Op-ed: Amnesty, in English: The Debate Over Amnesty Ought To Be Waged in Plain English,
by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, September 4, 2001.
August 2001
Backgrounder: American Unionism and U.S. Immigration Policy, by Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.
Backgrounder: Impossible Dream or Distant Reality? Republican Efforts to Attract Latino Voters, by James G. Gimpel and Karen Kaufmann
Op-ed: Tired and Poor: The Bankrupt Arguments for Mass, Unskilled Immigration, by Steven A. Camarota, National Review, September 3, 2001
Op-ed: Con Game: The GOP Is Being Taken For a Ride, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, August 20, 2001.
C-SPAN debate: Steven A. Camarota and the Cato Institute's Dan Griswald debate the economic impact of immigration on C-Span's Washington Journal. Watch the debate.
Congressional Testimony: The Impact of Immigration on U.S. population growth, Steven Camarota's testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, August 2, 2001
July 2001
Center Paper 19: Immigration from Mexico: Assessing the Impact on the United States,
by Steven A. Camarota
Op-ed: An Analyst's View: It's a Mistake to Depend on Foreign Farm Labor, by Mark Krikorian, The Idaho Statesman, July 22, 2001
Op-ed: July Fourth in Post-America, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, July 3, 2001
June 2001
Op-ed: RX for the INS, by Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, June 22, 2001
Congressional Testimony: An Examination of the Premises Underlying a Guestworker Program, Mark Krikorian's testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary
Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, June 19, 2001
Backgrounder: Guestworker Programs: A Threat to American Agriculture, by Mark Krikorian
1See "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: 1990 to 2000" available at http://www.uscis.gov/graphics/shared/statistics/publications/Ill_Report_1211.pdf
2Figures for 2005 are from a forthcoming study by the Center for Immigration Studies entitled, "Immigrants at Mid-Decade: A Snapshot of American's Foreign-born Population in 2005."
3George Borjas and Richard Freeman's New York Times Opinion piece can be found at http://ksghome.harvard.edu/GBorjas/Papers/NYT121097.htm .
4Altonji, Joseph G. and David Card. 1991. "The Effects of Immigration on the Labor Market Outcomes of Less-skilled natives [US Citizens] [American Citizens]" in John M. Abowd and Richard B. Freeman editors, Immigration, Trade and Labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Borjas, George. 1984. "The Impact of Immigrants on the Earnings of the Native-Born," W.M. Briggs and M. Tienda, Editors, Immigration: Issues and Policies, Salt Lake City: Olympus.
Borjas, George J. 1983. "The Substitutability of Black, Hispanic and White Labor. Economic Inquiry, Vol. 21.
Butcher, Kristin F. and David Card. 1991. "Immigration and Wages: Evidence from the 1980s," The American Economic Review Vol 81.
5Frey, William H. 1993. Race, Class and Poverty Polarization of US Metro Areas: Findings from the 1990 Census, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Population Studies Center.
Frey, William H. 1996. "Immigration, Domestic Migration, and Demographic Balkanization in America: New Evidence for the 1990s," Population and Development Review. Vol. 22.
6Edmonston, Barry and James Smith Ed. 1997. The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.
7Steven Camarota 1998. "The Wages of Immigration: The Effect on the Low-Skilled Labor Market," Washington D.C.: Center for Immigration Studies. Camarota, Steven A. 1997. "The Effect of Immigrants on the Earnings of Low-skilled Native Workers: Evidence from the June 1991 Current Population Survey," Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 78.
8For a technical version of Dr. Borjas research see http://ksghome.harvard.edu/GBorjas/Papers/QJE2003.pdf, for a less technical version see www.cis.org/articles/2004/back504.html .
9Kposowa, Augustine J. 1995. "The Impact of Immigration on Unemployment and Earnings Among Racial Minorities in the United States." Racial and Ethnic Studies, Vol. 18.
10The report "A Jobless Recovery: Immigrant Gains and Native Losses" can be found at the Center's web site www.cis.org/articles/2004/back1104.html
11These figures and ones on aging follow can be found in a 2005 report by the Center for Immigration Studies entitled, "Immigration in an Aging Society: Workers, Birth Rates, and Social Security," which can be found at www.cis.org/articles/2005/back505.html .
12See page 21 of the Census Bureau's "Methodology and Assumptions for the Population Projections of the United States: 1999 to 2100." The report can be found at www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0038.pdf
13See Footnote 1.
Immigration-Related Dissertations 2002
June 2003
Compiled by Thomas P. Redding
[Policy/Politics The immigration reform movement in the contemporary United States: The organization of a
movement by Armitage, Janet Sue Southern Illinois University at Carbondale When institutional boundaries
meet new political ideas: Congress, courts, and United States immigration policy process, 1947--1998 by Hunt, Valerie
Faye University of Washington The effect of regulatory controls on immigration by Kayani, Noaman Ali
Kansas State University Measuring immigration by distinguishing legal status among the foreign-born population by
Le, Long S.
University of Houston Constructing the immigrant ideal: Political rhetoric and the social construction of target
groups in the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act and the 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
Responsibility Actby Newton, Lina Yvette
University of California, Irvine
Voters from different shores: Electoral participation in immigrant America
by Ramakrishnan, S. Karthick
Princeton University
Talking immigration: A rhetorical analysis of United States Senate debates, 1924 - 1965 - 1996
by Ross, James Collins
University of Colorado at Boulder
The INS' application of immigration laws to professional athletes desiring residency in the United States
by Sutton, Kimberly Louise
The Florida State University
Immigration Processes
Labor migrations and the welfare state: Puerto Rican and Dominican views on migration, work and entitlement in an
era of welfare reform
by Allegro, Linda Grace
New School University
Home-making: Gender, emotional Zionism, and American immigration to Israel
by Aviv, Caryn Suzanne
Loyola University of Chicago
The traffic in babies: Cross-border adoption, baby-selling and the development of child welfare systems in the United
States and Canada, 1930--1960
by Balcom, Karen Andrea
Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick
An extended case study of the Xaripu community across borders: Interactive colonization in the 21st century (Mexico,
California)
by Barajas, Manuel
University of California, Riverside
Securing the blessings of liberty: Citizenship and naturalization in the American political tradition, 1610--1802
by Barkalow, Jordon Bryce
University of Houston
American dreams: Gendered migrations from India (Michigan)
by Bhalla, Vibha
Michigan State University
Africans in the diaspora: Contrasting international immigration. A study of West African immigrants in the
Baltimore/Washington area (Maryland)
by Eze, Evans Ugboji
The American University
Freedom to speak Vietnamese reeducation and the search for Cold War refuge
by Feeney, Maureen Patricia
University of Michigan
Return of the native: Postcolonial migrancy and the (im)possibility of the nation
by Fernandes, Jorge Luis
University of Hawaii
The American immigrant experience: Three empirical studies of immigration in America (Kansas, Ohio)
by Hu, Yang
University of California, Irvine, 2002
The impact of immigration on American cities
by Saiz, Albert
Harvard University
Saffron suburbs: Indian immigrant community formation in Phoenix (Arizona)
by Skop, Emily Hayes
Arizona State University
Ethnic crossings: The making of a non-white America in the second quarter of twentieth century California
by Varzally, Allison Mary
University of California, Los Angeles
Class, ethnicity, gender and Latino entrepreneurship: Salvadoran and Peruvian networks in greater Washington D.C.
by Verdaguer, Maria Eugenia
The American University
Economics
Made in America? High-skill immigration to the United States
by Bourgeois, Sebastien Bernard
The University of Chicago
Vietnamese refugees, 1975--2000: Factors and reinforcements of their economic self-sufficiency
by Ha, Ruyet The
University of La Verne
Power in remittances: Remaking family and nation among Salvadorans
by Hernandez, Ester Elizabeth
University of California, Irvine
Shaping immigrant local labor markets: The gendered effects of spatial accessibility, social networks, and household
context on immigrant employment in Los Angeles (California)
by Parks, Virginia L.
University of California, Los Angeles
Evolution of the labor market in a regional city: The changing economic performance of emigrants from Mexico City
by Sabates, Ricardo
The University of Wisconsin - Madison
Assimilation/Ethnicity
Exploring the internal and external factors influencing the career development of first generation Filipina Americans
by Badger, Belinda Corteza
University of Massachusetts Amherst
The impact of context, phenotype, and other identifiers on Latina/o adolescent ethnic identity and acculturation
by Bautista, Elida Margarita
University of Michigan
Work makes a woman? Gender, ethnicity and work in Afro-Caribbean immigrant women's lives
by Bennett, Natalie Dione Antoinette
University of Michigan
Sociodemographic correlates of assimilation in Croatian immigrants: Emotional, economic, and educational factors
by Blacic, Dijana
Dhofstra University
The effects of acculturation level on verbal learning in a sample of Hispanics of Mexican-American extraction
by Blair, Anita S.
George Fox University
Voices from the second generation: Young women of Mexican descent in American schools. Defining and preserving
self/sustaining hope
by Borunda, Rose Mary
University of San Francisco
Social support, risk, and adjustment of immigrant preadolescents
by Bustos, Gaston Luis
Florida International University
Caribbean students' adjustment to a culture at a small, liberal arts college
by Campbell, Donald Bruce, Jr.
Drexel University
The role of a Korean-American church in the construction of ethnic identities among second-generation Korean
Americans
by Cha, Peter T.
Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary with Northwestern University
In their own image: Five generations of a Mexican American working class family in Los Angeles (California)
by Chavez, Christina
Stanford University
Creating a cultural fit: A grounded theory of decision-making about living arrangements among older adult Taiwanese
immigrants
by Chiang-Hanisko, Lingyu Lenny
Boston College Christian religiosity: A force for assimilation and/or for ethnicity? Generational comparison of the
impact of Christian religiosity on assimilation and ethnicity among Korean Americans by Chun, Sung Chang
University of Notre Dame
Acculturation, familism, and parent-adolescent processes: The role of adherence to traditional cultural values in
reducing the risk for delinquency for Mexican American adolescents
by Cota-Robles, Sonia L.
The University of Arizona
Vietnamese young adults' perception of parenting styles and disciplinary practices
by Dao, Minh Tram Nguyen
California State University, Long Beach
Ethnic boundary loss through ethnic boundary maintenance multiculturalism and second generation Indian and
Korean American professionals
by Dhingra, Pawan Harish
Cornell University
The effects of language brokering on perceptions of family authority structure, problem solving abilities, and parental
locus of control in Latino adolescents and their parents
by Diaz-Lazaro, Carlos M.
State University of New York at Buffalo
International university students' perceptions of cultural and contextual adaptation, acculturation, and control
by Kasahara, Emiko
Northern Arizona University
From the forgotten Asian American to the invisible minority: Predictors of Filipino American ethnic identity and
Filipino American social identity
by Fabella, Verna Irene
Alliant International University, Los Angeles
Acculturation, ethnic identity, and family conflict among first- and second-generation Chinese Americans
by Fu, Michi
Alliant International University, Los Angeles
Acculturation and intimate partner violence (IPV) among Latinas in Los Angeles (California)
by Garcia-Black, Lorena
University of California, Los Angeles
The acculturation process and ethnic self identification of second-generation Christian Palestinian American women
by Ghanem-Ybarra, Gloria Jean
Alliant International University, San Diego
Marital satisfaction, patterns of spousal interaction, and individual ways of coping among Russian immigrants
by Ginsburg, Irena F.
Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
Family background, ethnicity, and immigration status: Predicting school success for Asian and Latino students
by Gonzalez, Gabriella Christina
Harvard University
The adjustment problems of African students at Western Michigan University
by Goyol, Apollos Bitrus
Western Michigan University
Acculturation, sexual socialization, health-protective sexual communication and HIV/AIDS risk behavior among
Hispanic women residing in a large Midwestern city (Immune deficiency)
by Guyler, Liliana Rojas
Indiana University
An exploratory analysis of Mexican-American parental involvement perspectives on home, school, and community
collaboration
by Hall-Irby, Lisa Kay
The University of Texas - Pan American
Armenian acculturation and parenting attitudes
by Hayrapetian, Sevana
California State University, Long Beach
The impact of new immigration patterns on the provision of police services in Midwestern communities (Missouri)
by Herbst, Leigh E.
University of Nebraska At Omaha
Foundations of pan-Asian identity among Asian-American college student leaders
by Nishihara, Janet Seiko
University of Oregon
'Nueba Yol': Migration and popular culture in Santo Domingo and New York, 1950--1992 (Dominican Republic)
by Hoffnung-Garskof, Jesse E.
Princeton University
A comparison of Korean-speaking and English-speaking 1.5 generation adolescents: Assimilation, ethnic identity, and
spirituality
by Joo, Chunggwan
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
When an ethnic minority becomes the majority: An exploration of regional culture influence on business practices in
South Texas
by Juren, Dennis F.
University Of Essex (United Kingdom)
60 years later: The Japanese American internment experience, shame, and adaptation style
by Kawaguchi, Robbyn Renee
Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
Belonging and becoming Toward a consensualist conception of citizenship
by Khan, Carrie-Ann Biondi
Bowling Green State University
Gender role ideology and its relationship with acculturation, gender, age, education, and wife employment among
married Armenian Americans
by Khanjian, Eliza
Alliant International University
The moderating role of sense of coherence between migration stress and adjustment among Ethiopian immigrants
by Kibour, Yeshashwork
Howard University
On the journey of becoming mothers of adolescent children: Mothering experience among working Korean immigrant
women in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)
by Kim, Seongeun
Laurentian University of Sudbury (Canada)
The adaptation experience of Chinese independent immigrants
by Li, Yali
University of Victoria (Canada)
Language policies in the transnational Haiti
by Lindley, Keith William
University of Florida
From diaspora to North American civil rights: Chinese Canadian ideas, identities and brokers in Vancouver, British
Columbia, 1924 to 1960
by Mar, Lisa Rose
University of Toronto (Canada)
'Ineleuctably Other': The acculturation experiences of Catholic Pakistani women residing in Toronto and its
surrounding suburbs (Ontario)
by Monteiro, Althea Mary Joyce
York University (Canada)
'Mi anachnu, mah yesh lanu, mah hayah lanu'. 'Who we are, what we have, what we had'. Narratives of
Ethiopian-Israeli women
by Newman, Ruby Klappholz
The University of Wisconsin - Madison
Body politics in motion: Refugees and states of/in emergency
by Nyers, Peter Gregory Andrew
York University (Canada)
Growing up Canadian: Language, culture, and identity among second-generation Chinese youths in Canada
by Ooka, Emi
University Of Toronto (Canada)
Immigrant youth in the schoolyard: Identity, liminality and belonging
by Racicot, Christine Margaret
University Of Calgary (Canada)
Turning goals into reality Immigrant women, English, employment, and building lives in Canada
by Reilly-King, Patricia Margaret
University of Toronto (Canada)
Exploration of developmental and psychosocial well-being of refugee children seeking asylum in Sweden
by Ring, Erin Dyer
University of Hawaii
The Guatemalan refugees twenty years later: Mental health in Mayan communities in Chiapas, Mexico
by Sabin, Miriam Elizabeth
University of Georgia
Integrative anti-racism: Experiences of South Asian students in academe
by Samuel, Edith
University of Toronto (Canada)
The strangers of New Bell: Immigration, community and public space in colonial Douala, Cameroon, 1914--1960
by Schler, Lynn
Stanford University
Immigrants' integration seen through the prism of multiculturalism: A comparative analysis of policies and educational
provisions to facilitate integration, based on the case studies of Canada and Italy
by Scoppio, Grazia
University Of Toronto (Canada)
Chinese immigrant youth in Vancouver, Canada: An examination of acculturation, adjustment, and intergenerational
conflict (British Columbia)
by Sharir, Iris
University Of Windsor (Canada)
Acculturation attitudes and behaviours of first and second Salvadorian generations and their family functioning in
relation to cohesion and flexibility
by Sirgi, Soraya
Universite Laval (Canada)
Settling white Australia: Asian professional and business immigrants and the remaking of Australian national identity
by Sundeen, Joseph Timothy
University of California, Los Angeles
Changing lands, changing identities: The migration of Algerian Jewry to France, 1954--1967
by Sussman, Sarah Beth
Stanford University
On the road to enculturation: Selected experiences of transition for contemporary immigrants to Canada
by Tarkowski, Grzegorz (Gregory)
Acadia University (Canada)
Between justice and compassion: 'Les sans papiers' and the political economy of health, human rights and
humanitarianism in France
by Ticktin, Miriam Iris
Stanford University
Crossing thresholds: A hermeneutic phenomenological examination of the experiences of refugee women from the
former Yugoslavia
by Wilcke, Margaretha Maria Ethel
University of Calgary (Canada), 2002
Finland as a recipient country: Anthropological and historical approach. The case of African immigrants
by Ylanko, Maaria Inkeri
Helsingin Yliopisto (Finland) 202.419.3606 media and information line
202.419.3606 media and information line
University of Delaware
The process of negotiating boundaries: A grounded theory of the experiences of young Korean immigrants
by Kim, Sun S.
Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - Newark
Gender across cultures: The immigration experience/Bulgarian immigrants in South Florida
by Knowles, Petia Dimitrova
Florida International University
The effects of parental separation on the social networks of recent Caribbean immigrants
by Kotuby, Jeanne Mary
New School for Social Research
A qualitative exploration of ethnic identities in Chinese husband-white wife couples
by Lam, Paul Chi Sung
Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
The effects of acculturation on dialectical thinking
by Le, Phuong Nguyen
California State University, Long Beach
Perceived effects of acculturation on gender roles among Mexican Latinas
by Lee, Channa Manila
California State University, Long Beach
The influence of acculturation and racial identity upon Asian Americans' attitudes toward seeking psychological help
by Lee, Donald Yin
Columbia University Teachers College
The correlation between levels of acculturation and self-esteem in Korean Americans
by Lee, Katherine Kim
California State University, Long Beach
Racial and ethnic identities of second-generation Korean immigrants in New York City
by Lee, Sara S.
Columbia University
Adult attachment patterns of South Koreans and Korean-Americans
by Lim, Rosa Wonyung
Adelphi University, The Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies
Acculturation consonance and dissonance: Effect on parenting style, parent-adolescent relationship, and adolescent
psychological well-being in immigrant Chinese-American families
by Lim, Soh-Leong
Texas Tech University
Chinese immigrant and European American parents' emotional expressions in childrearing activities Cultural norms of
emotions
by Liu-Constant, Yihsing Yvonne
Tufts University
Bilingualism in the United States of America: Language outcomes and opportunities for Latinos
by Lutz, Amy Christine
State University of New York at Albany
Assimilation in Mexican American life? Integration and hesitation beyond the second generation
by Macias, Thomas Edward
The University of Wisconsin - Madison
Relationships between acculturation and career beliefs among international university students from India, China, and
Korea
by Mahadevan, Lakshmi
Texas A&M University
The imagination of South Asian America: Cultural politics in the making of diaspora
by Mani, Bakirathi
Stanford University
Multicultural/multimodal/multisystmems (multi-CMS) approach for immigrant families: Structural equation modeling
of adolescent perception of conflict with parents
by Moon, Sung Seek
University of Georgia
An exploration of the difference between immigrant children and adolescents in their friendships and peer interaction
patterns
by Moon, Sungup
Brigham Young University
Roots and routes: Re-imagining the identity constructions of Bosnian adolescent female refugees in the United States
by Mosselson, Jacqueline Rachel
Columbia University
The acculturation experiences of recognizable and non-recognizable ethnic minorities
by Murthy, Hari Dinakaran
Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
Arab San Francisco: On gender, cultural citizenship, and belonging (California)
by Naber, Nadine Christine
University of California, Davis
Saints, peaches and wine: Mexican migrants and the transformation of Los Haro, Zacatecas and Napa, California
by Nichols, Sandra Lucile
University of California, Berkeley
The effects of maternal depression, social support and acculturation on childhood behavior: A study of Dominican
children and their mothers
by Nieves, Yvonne G.
Boston University
Socioeconomic adaptation of immigrants from mainland Southeast Asia: An intergenerational analysis
by Poch, Bunnak
Mississippi State University
Cultural and assimilation response patterns and resistance of fifth grade Latino male students
by Pulido, James Manuel
The Claremont Graduate University and San Diego State University
The relationship of ethnic identity, acculturation, and psychological adjustment among Asian Indian immigrants
by Reddy, Deepika C.
University of Missouri - Kansas City
'Welcome Ndi Igbo' West African immigrants and the rhetoric of community abroad (Nigeria)
by Reynolds, Rachel R.
University of Illinois at Chicago
Cognitive complexity and biculturalism among Hispanic higher education administrators
by Rivera-Alicea, Blanca E.
University of Maryland, College Park
Cultural predictors of dependent career decision-making style among Chinese-American college students
by Rosin, Anne Michelle
State University of New York at Albany
Stereotypes and ordinary interactions A study of service encounters between Korean immigrant shopkeepers and
African American customers
by Ryoo, Hye-Kyung
The University of Wisconsin - Madison
Articulating identity at the interstices of home, nation, race, and gender: A critical ethnography of new Asian Indian
immigrant experiences
by Sen, Ruma Jhuma
Ohio University
Level of acculturation, acculturative stress, and intergenerational discrepancies in acculturation as correlates of
physical violence towards children in Mexican American families
by Shahbaznia Alvarez, Monica
Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
Journeys of immigration among young adult Russian Jews: Story of personal change
by Simakhodskaya, Zoya
City University of New York
Untangling the knot: Immigration, intermarriage, and assimilation of Asian ancestry groups in the United States
by Sohoni, Deenesh Shrikrishna
University of Washington
Cultural issues in the occurrence, assessment, and treatment of domestic violence in immigrant Hispanic families: A
critical review
by Stroup, Emel Dinckan
Alliant International University, San Diego
'Enough is enough!' Struggles for Cambodian American community development in Revere, Massachusetts
by Tang, Suet-ling Shirley
State University of New York at Buffalo
The acculturation of Arab-American women who work outside the home versus Arab-American women who work
inside the home
by Tuma Hanania, Mona
Auburn University
Migration and cultural identity: Performing the Afro-Caribbean woman's struggle
by Wilson, Elvinet Samantha
University of Northern Iowa
The caregiving practices of Korean-American families: A descriptive study using an ethnographic approach
by Yu, Boas Judy
Columbia University Teachers College
Filipino-American Acculturation Rating Scale Initial psychometric findings
by Zackrison, Dolcelyn Imperio
Alliant International University, Fresno
Education
Team teaching between English as a second language and content specialists at the secondary level A case study of
teacher beliefs and practices
by Anstrom, Kristina Ann
The George Washington University
The effect of participating in parenting and readiness centres on ESL parents' perceptions of self-efficacy, parent
involvement, and parent and teacher perceptions of child outcomes
by Brent, Julaine Marie
University of Toronto (Canada)
International students' views on the role of the international student advisor in enhancing their academic and personal
goals
by Clark, Reiko
University of Northern Colorado
'The ESL kids are over there': Social and language boundaries between immigrant Latino and White high school
students
by Daoud, Annette Michelle
University of California, Santa Barbara
Social and academic experiences of Liberian students adapting their cultural literacies to a United States urban high
school: A critical inquiry
by De Gourville, Richard Everest
The Pennsylvania State University
Recently immigrated Armenian students' perceptions of their cross-cultural classroom experiences
by Dixon, Karin Ann
University of California, Los Angeles
International student leadership involvement and cross-cultural adjustment: Two case studies
by Duckworth, Linda Wing
Georgia State University
Family background, ethnicity, and immigration status: Predicting school success for Asian and Latino students
by Gonzalez, Gabriella Christina
Harvard University
Language, space, and power A critical ethnography of a dual-language classroom
by Hadi-Tabassum, Samina
Columbia University Teachers College
Cultural attributes and adaptations promote positive school values among immigrant Latino adolescents
by Ibanez, Gladys Eulalia
Georgia State University
Quien va a sobresalir? (Who will come out ahead?) Exploring academic achievement among low-income adolescents of
Mexican descent across different generations
by Jimenez, Norma Violeta
Harvard University
The academic orientation of first and second generation Nicaraguan immigrant adolescents
by Konczal, Lisa Noel
Florida International University
An analysis of adaptation factors experienced by Korean international students in theological institutions in the United
States
by Lee, Jae Kang
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Parental expectations of Chinese immigrants: A folk theory about children's school achievement
by Li, Jun
University of Ottawa (Canada)
The role of acculturation and social networks in the acquisition of second language pronunciation
by Lybeck, Karen Elizabeth
University of Minnesota
Identifying factors preventing Russian immigrant teachers from filling vacancies in New York City public schools
by McFadden, Catherine
Capella University
Iowa high schools: Meeting the challenges of educating limited English proficient students
by Murphy, Sachiko Tamura
Drake University
The impact of immigration and education legislation on Hispanic immigrant students in Texas and California
by Nobles, Teri Reana
Texas Woman's University
The impacts of Vietnamese American parents' religious values, beliefs, and practices on their children's academic
performance
by Nguyen, My Hang Thi
University Of Houston
Stereotyping, outcomes, acculturation, and the attribution of discrimination among Chinese international students in
the United States
by Owen, Carol Coco
Alliant International University, San Diego
Exploring the literacy development of Russian and Somali ESL learners: A collaborative ethnography
by Panferov, Suzanne Kathryn
The Ohio State University
Academic achievement as a function of attributions of success and failure and socio-cultural variables in
Mexican-American students
by Reyes, Mary Alice
The University Oo Texas - Pan American
History of immigrant female students in Chicago public schools, 1900--1950 (Illinois)
by Robinson, Stephanie Nicole
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Predictors of academic resiliency for Latino middle school students
by Ruiz, Yvonne
Boston College
Categorizing difference: South Asian diaspora students, teachers and staff members negotiating diversity in high school
by Skinstad, Kristin
New York University
Acculturation and parental involvement in children's education: A study of Mexican American parents
by Tapia-Banuelos, Marisol
California State University, Long Beach
International students' educational experience in an American graduate school
by Wang, Yan
Illinois State University
Health
Chinese immigrants' caregiving experiences with their elderly parents
by Aranda, Ofelia O. P.
California State University, Long Beach
Factors contributing to depression in Mexicans and Central Americans
by Arias, Luz Cristina
California State University, Long Beach
Accessing prenatal and perinatal health care services: Experiences of first generation Latina immigrants in a rural
west Tennessee county
by Burchum, Jacqueline Lee
The University of Tennessee Center For The Health Sciences
Depressive symptomatology among Dominicans: Links to acculturative and economic stressors, skin tone, and
perceived discrimination
by Camacho-Gonsalves, Teresita
University Of New Hampshire
Developing teen educators and advocates for community health Fostering civic involvement in immigrant youth
by Camras, Marc Howard
University of California, San Diego
The effects of gender and race/ethnicity on predicting health care service utilization by older Americans
by Chen, Li-Mei
Columbia University
Acculturation, knowledge, beliefs, and preventive health care practices regarding breast care in female Chinese
immigrants in New York metropolitan area
by Chen, Wei-Ti
Columbia University
Seriously mentally ill Korean immigrants: The essence of their lived experience
by Cho, Hyang-In
University Of Illinois At Chicago, Health Sciences Center
Suicidal ideation, acculturative stress and perceived social support among Korean adolescents
by Cho, Yong-Beom
New School for Social Research
The role of generational status in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related disorders: A study of a national sample of
United States-born vs. foreign-born Chinese-, Japanese-, and Korean-Americans
by Chung, Sulki
Washington University
The relationship between depression, perceived social support, family conflict and acculturation among Iranian young
adults
by Elia, Carla
Alliant International University
Promoting refugee well-being: A community-based advocacy and learning intervention
by Goodkind, Jessica Rose
Michigan State University
Asian American adolescents' health risk behaviors: Socio-cultural risk and parental protective factors
by Hahm, Hyeouk C.
Columbia University
Adolescent immigrant generation status and health and behavioral outcomes
by Hamilton, Hayley Ann
The Ohio State University
Psychological acculturation, coping strategies, and mental health among Asians and Asian Americans
by Hodges, Motoni Fong
University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign
Factors associated with colorectal cancer screening behavior among Japanese residents in the United States
by Honda, Keiko
New York University
Breast cancer screening behaviors among Taiwanese immigrant women
by Hsu, Chi-Ho
University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center
Adult Dominicans in therapy Psychotherapists' perceptions of cultural treatment issues
by Iltis, Carolee Ellen
Antioch University/New England Graduate School
The effect of evolving cultural identities on the experience of immigrant psychotherapists
by Isaacson, Eliran
Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology
Acculturation and risky health behaviors in immigrant adolescent girls from the former Soviet Union
by Jeltova, Ida
City University of New York
Access to pap smears and mammograms for Latina women living in Los Angeles County: The impact of citizenship
status and acculturation (California)
by Katzburg, Judith Roselyn
University of California, Los Angeles
United States resident, Jordanian and Palestinian women's participation in breast cancer screening}
by Kawar, Lina Najib
University Of Rochester School of Nursing
Effects of immigration and culture on risk level of select health behaviors of Black college students
by Kenya, Sonjia
Columbia University Teachers College
Predictors of attitudes of Iranian males toward seeking psychological help
by Khoie, Kathy
Alliant International University, Los Angeles
Ethnic variations in mental health symptoms and functioning among Asian Americans
by Kim, Wooksoo
University Of Washington
An examination of links between family processes, exposure to violence, and child mental health outcomes Do SES,
race/ethnicity, immigration or neighborhood context matter?
by Lara, Sandra Luz
Columbia University
A two-weave panel study of the relationships among hardiness, acculturation, stress, and psychological distress in
Chinese Americans
by Lee, Ky-Van
University Of California, Davis
Acculturation of immigrants from Spain: Implications for symptoms of depression and anxiety
by Lozano Mulone, Jacqueline
Hofstra University
Development and testing a chronic disease health beliefs and lifestyle practices questionnaire for older Chinese
Americans
by Luo, RuiLi
The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science at Galveston
Caregiver stress and acculturation of Iranian immigrants
by Mohsenian, Marjan
California State University, Long Beach
Knowledge and use of Mexican folk healing among Mexican and Mexican-American parenting adults
by Moreno, Martina
California State University, Long Beach
Low-income immigrant parents and their children's health care A problem-solving process
by Myers, Jacqueline Sue
George Mason University
Latino clinicians' perceptions of Latino men in psychotherapy An exploratory study
by Pastor, Jonathan Andrew
Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, G.S.A.P.P.
Elderly immigrants, socio-economic status and health: An epidemiological study of cardiovascular risk factors,
impaired mobility and self-reported health status
by Pudaric, Sonja
Lunds Universitet (Sweden)
Health and illness conceptualization of Mexican American children, ages 8--12 An ecological perspective
by Rodriguez, Diana Esperanza Amaya
University of California, San Francisco
Language status, acculturation, and performance of Mexican Americans on neuropsychological screening measures
by Saldivar, Aida
Pacific Graduate School of Psychology
Bilingual therapists' perspectives of their language-related self-experience during therapy
by Sprowls, Christie
Our Lady of the Lake University
Examining the relationships of acculturation, acculturative stress, problem solving appraisal and psychological
symptoms among Mexican immigrants in the Midwest
by Suarez-Renaud, Giovanna
University of Missouri - Columbia
Prevalence of trauma-related symptoms among Vietnamese refugees
by Tran, Kim-Uyen Ngoc
California State University, Long Beach
Protective factors against high risk sexual behavior in adolescent girls The role of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and
immigration
by Wong, Jen-Mai
Rutgers The State University Of New Jersey, G.S.A.P.P.
Intergenerational ambivalence and caring for Chinese American elderly
by Wu, Ho-Shyuan
Pacific Graduate School of Psychology
An exploratory study of health beliefs and practices of the Yoruba living in the Philadelphia-Wilmington metropolitan
area (United States of America) (Pennsylvania, Delaware)
by Adepoju, Joseph Adetunji
University of Pennsylvania
The worlding of traditional Chinese medicine: A translocal study of knowledge, identity, and cultural politics in China
and the United States
by Zhan, Mei
Stanford University
Religion
Dignity for the foreigner: A study of the doctrine of the imago Dei from a Lutheran Hispanic/Latino perspective
by Alanis, Javier Rolando
Lutheran School of Theology
Secularization and new immigrants: The transformation, maintenance, and Filipino-Americanization of the religious
practices of Catholic Filipino immigrants in the Boston area (Massachusetts)
by Bacalso, Felipe
Boston College
Seeking the heart: The first generation practices Theravada Buddhism in America
by Cadge, Gwendolyn Anne
Princeton University
The religious lives and ritual practices of Arab Muslim women in the United States: A comparative study
by Giorgio-Poole, Marilyn
University of Pittsburgh
City of Gods: Religious freedom, immigration, and pluralism in Flushing, Queens, New York City, 1945--2000
by Hanson, Richard Scott
The University Of Chicago
The effect of Catholic religiosity and sexual guilt on somatization among Latinas
by Koschil, Miguel
New York University
Community congruence in a multicultural environment: A case study of leadership strategies at Anaheim First
Christian Church (California)
by Murray, Tamsen
Regent University
With the sinfulness of this world comes the holiness and separateness of the church: A discourse of identity among
Christian Chinese in Boston, Massachusetts
by Muse, Erika Amanda
State University of New York at Albany
Pan Africanism and the new diaspora: African Christians in the United States
by Olagoke, Abolade Ezekiel
The Iliff School of Theology and University of Denver
History
The exodus of Soviet Jewry: The role and activities of the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews during the decisive years,
1985--1991
by Altshuler, Stuart Gordon
The Jewish Theological Seminary of America
The traffic in babies: Cross-border adoption, baby-selling and the development of child welfare systems in the United
States and Canada, 1930--1960
by Balcom, Karen Andrea
Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick
Images of the Irish in the New and Old World: Before and after the Great Famine
by Broderick, Anne Louise
University of Missouri - Kansas City
Defining 'greater Italy': Migration and colonialism in Africa and the Americas, 1880--1915
by Choate, Mark Irvan
Yale University
Caliban in the promised land: Literacy narratives, immigration narratives and racial formation in twentieth century
United States culture
by Costino, Kimberly Ann
University of Massachusetts Amherst
In sight of America: Photography and United States immigration policy, 1880--1930
by Gordon, Anna Pegler
University of Michigan
Negotiated language change in early modern Holland: Immigration and linguistic variation in The Hague (1600--1670)
by Goss, Emily Lynn
The University of Wisconsin - Madison
American immigration policies and public opinion on European Jews from 1933 to 1945
by Greear, Wesley Patton
East Tennessee State University
We'll take Manhattan: The appropriation of immigrant space and the transformation of urban geography in New York
City, 1925-1975
by Kolman, Stephen Michael
The University of Wisconsin-Madison
The Armenian immigrant community of California 1880--1935
by Kooshian, George Byron, Jr.
University Of California, Los Angeles
Pernicious foreigners and contested compatriots: Mexican newspaper debates over immigration, emigration and
repatriation, 1928--1936
by Kuehnert, Lore Diana
University of California, Riverside
Amalgamation, immigration, and the problem of racial and ethnic classification: New York City, 1890--1930
by Leslie, Teresa Elizabeth
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Ubiquitous biddy Irish immigrant women in domestic service in America, 1840--1930
by Lynch-Brennan, Margaret
State University of New York at Albany
Entangling bodies and borders: Racial profiing and the United States Border Patrol, 1924--1955
by Lytle Hernandez, Kathleen Anne
University of California, Los Angeles
Which Christ came to Chicago: Catholic and Protestant programs to evangelize, socialize and Americanize the
Mexican immigrant, 1900--1940 (Illinois)
by McCarthy, Malachy Richard
Loyola University of Chicago
From immigrant to citizen The Czechs of Allegheny City, 1873 to 1907 (Pennsylvania)
by Mohr, Joan McGuire
University of Pittsburgh
Mesillaros and Gringo Mexicans: The changing meanings of race, nation, and space in Southern New Mexico,
1848--1912
by Mora, Anthony P.
University of Notre Dame
Idealism, immigration and imperialism: Durham Stevens and the rise and fall of United States diplomacy with Japan
and Korea, 1873--1908
by Nordmann, David Andrew
Indiana University
Beyond and before boat people: Vietnamese American history before 1975
by Pham, Vu Hong
Cornell University
'They all came from someplace else': Miami, Florida's immigrant communities, 1896--1970
by Shell-Weiss, Melanie Rebecca
Michigan State University
Japanese picture marriage in 1900--1924: California Construction of Japanese race and gender
by Tanaka, Kei
Rutgers The State University Of New Jersey - New Brunswick
Pushing at the Golden Gate: Race relations and racial politics in San Francisco, 1940--1955 (California)
by Tang, Scott Harvey
University of California, Berkeley
Constituting community: A study of nationalism, colonialism, gender, and identity among Filipinos in California,
1919--1946
by de Vera, Arleen Garcia
University of California, Los Angeles
Non-U.S.
Fitting in Human capital assimilation of children of immigrant families in Canada
by Ahmed, Nina
Dalhousie University (Canada)
Central and local government in power (im)balance? A study of refugee policy (Sweden)
by Bengtsson, Marie Yvonne
Lunds Universitet (Sweden)
Acculturation of young new arrivals from Mainland China to Hong Kong
by Chan, Raymond Mow-chiu
Chinese University of Hong Kong (People's Republic Of China)
Ethnic community networks, public policy, and the resettlement of Ethiopian and Somali refugees in Toronto (Ontario)
by Danso, Ransford Kwabena
Queen's University at Kingston (Canada)
Dietary practices of older Punjabi women living in Canada
by Dhaliwal, Sukhwarsha
Queen's University at Kingston (Canada)
Turkish immigrants' politics of belonging: Identity, assimilation discourse, and the transformation of urban space in
Duisburg-Marxloh, Germany
by Ehrkamp, Patricia
University of Minnesota
Ethnic and religious identity retention among second-generation Arab youths in Montreal (Quebec)
by Eid, Paul
University of Toronto (Canada)
Unique refugees: The sponsorship and resettlement of Vietnamese 'boat people' in Ontario, 1978--1980
by Fine-Meyer, Rose Anne
University of Toronto (Canada)
Pre-occupied spaces: Re-configuring the Italian nation through its migrations
by Fiore, Teresa
University of California, San Diego
Wesel and the Dutch revolt: The influence of religious refugees on a German city, 1544--1612 (The Netherlands)
by Freeman, David Fors
Emory University
Revealing moments: Voices of Canadian Sikh women in a community health program
by Gill, Sandeep
York University (Canada)
Devilish triangles Diasporas, host countries, and homelands in today's Europe
by Gray, Victoria Stephanie
University of Maryland College Park
An interpretive study of a voluntary organization serving Chinese immigrants in Vancouver, Canada (British
Columbia)
by Guo, Shibao
The University of British Columbia (Canada)
Arab-Canadians: The 'other' within
by Jamal, Audrey Carole
Royal Roads University (Canada)
Displaced humanity: Power politics and international refugee regime (Hungary, Rwanda, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
by Johnson, Sarah Nicole
The American University
The modern politics of citizenship and whiteness in France
by Juge, Tony Steve
California State University, Fullerton
The territorial imperative of xenophobia: Putting the Extreme-Right in its place (Belgium, Spain)
by Kerr, Robert McNab
University of Oregon
Deliberative multiculturalism in Britain: Beyond liberal and republican citizenship discourse and practice
by Kim, Nam-Kook
The University of Chicago
The impact of capital on resettlement outcomes among adult refugees in Canada
by Lamba, Navjot Kaur
University Of Alberta (Canada)
Indochinese refugees, Ste-Therese, Quebec, 1979--1982: Twenty years later
by Lavigne, Gabrielle
End Notes: Please See: End of Page Dropping Out Immigrant Entry and Native Exit From the Labor Market, 2000-2005 By Steven A. Camarota March 2006See for example Andrew Sum et al. from Northeastern University, at www.nupr.neu.edu/7-04/immigrant_04.pdf . 2 The survey is considered such an accurate source of information on the foreign-born because, unlike the decennial census, each household in the CPS receives an in-person interview from a Census Bureau employee. The 213,000 persons in the Survey, almost 24,000 of whom are foreign born, are weighted to reflect the actual size of the total U.S. population. However, it must be remembered some % of the foreign-born (especially illegal aliens) are missed by government surveys of this kind, thus the actual size of this population is almost certainly larger; of course this was also true in past years as well. 3 This includes naturalized American citizens, legal permanent residents (green card holders), illegal aliens, and people on long-term temporary visas such as students or guest workers, but not those born abroad of American parents or those born in outlying territories of the United States such as Puerto Rico. 4 To determine who are legal and illegal immigrants in the survey this report uses citizenship status, year of arrival in the United States, age, country of birth, educational attainment, sex, receipt of welfare programs, receipt of Social Security, veteran status, and marital status. We use these variables to assign probabilities to each respondent. Those individuals who have a cumulative probability of one or higher are assumed to be illegal aliens. The probabilities are assigned so both the total number of illegal aliens and the characteristics of the illegal population closely match other research in the field, particularly the estimates developed by the Urban Institute and Pew Hispanic Center. This method is based on some well-established facts about the characteristics of the illegal population. For example, it is well-known illegals are disproportionately young, male, unmarried, under age 40, and have few years of schooling, etc. Thus, we assign probabilities to these and other factors in order to select the likely illegal population. In some cases we assume there is no probability an individual is an illegal alien. 5 The INS report estimating seven million illegals in 2000 with an annual increase of about 500,000 can be found at www.immigration.gov/graphics/aboutus/statistics/Ill_Report_1211.pdf . The Census Bureau estimate of eight million illegals in 2000 report can be found at www.census.gov/dmd/www/ReportRec2.htm (Appendix A of Report 1 contains the estimates). The Pew Hispanic Center has estimated 11.1 million illegals from the March 2005 CPS. This includes an adjustment for those missed by the survey. The Pew report can be found at www.pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf . The newest Pew estimates can be found at http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=61 . The Urban Institute has also calculated estimates by legal status. Urban estimates in March of 2002, 8.3 million illegal aliens were counted in the CPS, with an additional one million being missed. Urban’s estimates based on the March 2002 CPS can be found at http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=1000587 Additional information was provided by Jeffery Passel, now at the Pew Hispanic Center, by telephone and in person interviews in 2004 through 2006. Dr. Passel is the lead author of both the Urban Institute and Pew studies. 6 A recent study by the Pew Hispanic Center estimated 75 percent of illegal immigrants ages 25 to 64 have only a high school degree. Unfortunately, the Pew study does not provide educational statistics for illegals 18 to 64. Nonetheless Pew’s estimates are still similar to our estimates. The Pew report entitled "Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics" can be found at http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf . 7 For an overview of some of the research on mechanization and the potential negative impact of immigration see "Jobs Americans Won’t Do: Voodoo Economics from the White House" at www.nationalreview.com/comment/krikorian200401070923.asp . 8 In 2005, there were 53.9 million children in households headed by [US Citizens] . There were 6.4 million children in households headed by natives [US Citizens] in which there was at least one adult (18 to 64) dropout working. There were an additional 19.3 million children in native households with at least one worker who had only a high school degree, excluding households with a dropout worker. These 25.7 million children accounted for almost 48 percent of all children in native households. 9 There were 5.9 million children in poverty who lived in a native-headed household in which at least one adult (18 to 64) person worked. Of these, 1.7 million children lived in a household with an adult dropout worker. In addition, 2.5 million more poor children lived a native household with at least one worker who had only a high school degree, excluding households with a dropout worker. These 4.2 million children account for 71 percent of children in working-poor native households. 10 If one adds the totals in 2000 and 2005 found in Table 1, they show a net increase of nearly 11 million in the number of persons 18 to 64, with natives [US Citizens] accounting for almost 6.7 million, or more than 60 percent of the increase. 11 Table A in the appendix shows year-to-year changes in unemployment rates. 12 Unemployment and labor force participation tend to vary somewhat with the season, so comparing the same month may make more sense. However, comparison of the January 2005 CPS with the January 2006 CPS shows almost the same pattern as discussed above: Unemployment improved somewhat for native dropouts, but not natives [US Citizens] with only a high school diploma, and labor force participation shows no signs of improvement from January 2005 to January 2006. In fact, participation working got a little worse between January 2005 and January 2006. 13 The CPS no longer identifies complete metropolitan areas; only parts of each area are identified. 14 In Tables 3, 4, and 5, we focus on the share of natives [US Citizens] working rather than labor force participation because the %-point decline was larger for the share working. In general, a larger %-point increase tends to make it somewhat easier to see if there is a correlation between changing immigrant shares and native employment patterns. 15 The correlation between the share of native men in an age group and the increase in the immigrant share of workers is -0.55 for all ages and -0.74 for male workers 25 to 64. It makes sense to examine men only because, as already indicated, it is women who typically take time off from their careers to care for children or an aging parent. Thus a decline in work among men is probably not the result of rising family commitments. Moreover, there is still a good deal of segregation by gender in the labor market. As a result, when looking at the share working it is very common for economists to divide workers by sex. 16 The correlation between labor force participation for all less-educated natives [US Citizens] and the growth in immigrants working by age group is -0.55 and for workers 25 to 64 it is -0.71. 17 The New Americans: Economic, Demographic and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, which was published by the National Research Council in 1997, concluded natives [US Citizens] and immigrants without a high school degree competed with each other for jobs. As a result, they concluded immigration reduced the wages of this population by about 5 percent at time. A 1995 paper by David Jaeger, then at the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), also concluded native and immigrant dropouts are almost perfect substitutes for each other in the labor market. See "Skill Differences and the Effects of Immigrants on the Wages of natives [US Citizens] ," BLS working paper 273, December 1995. 18 The correlation between the share of male workers holding a job and growth in the male immigrant share of the age group is -0.69 for all age and -0.74 for workers 25 to 64. The correlation between native labor force participation and growth in immigrant shares by age group is -0.81 for all age groups and for natives [US Citizens] over 25. 19 The survey is simply not large enough to divide natives [US Citizens] in each occupation by dropouts and those with only a high school degree, so we group them together. 20 If we focus on occupations are 20 percent foreign-born, then we find such occupations account for one-third of adult native dropouts and one-fourth of natives [US Citizens] with only a high school degree. In contrast, only one-tenth of adult natives [US Citizens] with more than high school degree work in an occupation is 20 percent or more immigrant. 21 It should be noted the lack of statistically significant growth is not necessarily an indicator the sample size is too small. It may simply be there was not a very big increase in immigrant workers in a state. 22 Looking more specifically among dropout adult natives [US Citizens] , 47 percent or 3.6 million work in these occupational categories and for adult natives [US Citizens] with only a high school diploma, 31 percent or 10.8 million are in these five occupations. Steven A. Camarota is Director of Research at the Center for Immigration Studies.
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